@@achievement test / II
UC president in 2001 says he favors SAT-II achievement test to lessen
racial bias, but it might make things worse. Gap is narrower because
smaller, self-selected population takes the test, but if everybody
has to take it, the gap is probably even larger since average black
and white student is at the 85 and 88th percentile of their ranges.
Charles Murray says SAT-II gap is narrower: Feb 20, 2001 they
produce somewhat smaller B/W differences, mostly in the region of .7
to .8 SDs, rather than the .9 SD difference in the SAT-V and SAT-M
(which works out to a bit more than 1 SD in the combined score). You
can see the differences for the individual achievement tests in an
appendix of TBC (p. 663). But this fairly minor reduction in the
difference is produced by a huge truncation of range. The typical
black and white taking achievement tests as of the early 1990s (when
I did these analyses) were at the 88th and 85th percentiles of their
respective distributions. After correcting for restriction of range,
the gap has to be real big.
Hausman says she suspects it's
just that SATII has less score compression, usually only the most
elite schools require them.
La Griffe du Lion says: 2/2001
Here, by race, are 1994 SAT data showing mean scores obtained on
several achievement tests and corresponding Math SAT I for the test
takers. All tests have a standard deviation ~100.
white black difference
Chemistry 585 516 69
Math SAT I 650 565 85
Biology 562 490 72
Math SAT I 610 517 93
Physics 609 534 75
Math SAT I 674 598 76
Math Level I 557 487 70
Math SAT I 581 492 89
Math Level II 663 588 75
Math SAT I 659 574 85
Math Level IIc 672 622 50
Math SAT I 672 610 62
Except for physics, the racial gap is significantly narrower with
achievement tests, but hardly eliminated.
%%Spanish Test
SPANISH SAT-II EASY ACE FOR SPANISH SPEAKERS
\clip\2001\06\satspan.txt Wall Street Journal Bilingual Students Use
Language Tests To Get a Leg Up on College Admissions By DANIEL GOLDEN
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL Also helps Asian students,
but not blacks.
@@ACT COMPARISON
Meaning of hi/lo sat act rankings by
state Hi SAT rankings meaningless if few take the SAT. SAT mostly
given on coasts, ACT mainly in center of country Raymond Daye
ACT VS. SAT COMPARISON \doc\web\98\08\actsat.txt some minor
differences, but essentially equivalent competition.
ACT VS SAT details \doc\web\98\08\actsat2.txt Donna
Gardener The ACT is considered to be more curriculum-based. It has no
analogies on it and has approximately 1/4 math-related questions. On
the ACT it is to a students' advantage to answer every question even
if he must guess.
@@bates
z84\clip\2004\08\batessat.txt
20-year Bates College Study of Optional SATs Finds No
Difference in Student Performance
LEWISTON, Maine, Oct. 1 2004(AScribe Newswire) -- In a milestone
20-year study of its well-known policy for optional SATs for admission,
Bates College has found no differences in academic performance or
graduation rates between submitters and non-submitters.
@@bias
The most common charge is that the SAT discriminates against
minorities, and therefore should be dropped, or be replaced with
essay tests.
z74\clip\2003\10\satbias.txt The URL for this page is
http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2003/11/mathews.htm. The Atlantic
Monthly | November 2003 The The Bias Question
In a surprising challenge to the SAT's reputation as an unbiased
measure of student learning, one researcher has argued that blacks do
better than matched-ability whites on the harder questions of the
SAT—something he believes their scores should reflect
by Jay Mathews
z48\clipim\2001\04\sat.tif
Why Colleges Shouldn't Dump the SAT Robert Barro Hoover Institution
Business Week April 9, 2001 After taking in account parental income
and education, admission test scores for minorities were 17
percentiles lower than whites for same sex, 4 for hispanic, but
college grades for blacks or hispanics were lower than whites, even
with the same scores. Women scored 4 points lower, but had higher
college grades, so maybe some basis for bias, but not minorities.
Patti Houseman April 2001
The SAT consistently underpredicts the performance of females and
overpredicts the performance of males, according to the center.
Yes, but not by much. The last validity study I read (a few years
ago) showed that after controlling for the easier grading in courses
females are more likely to take, the magnitude of underprediction
was .06 on a 4 point scale and the degree of overprediction for males
about the same.
COLLEGE BOARD (SAT) POSTS COMPLAINT ABOUT OCR BAN ON "DISPARATE"
TESTS
\clip\99\13\nontest.htm
http://www.collegeboard.org/press/html9899/html/ocr2.html
the Resource Guide focuses exclusively on disparate impact resulting
from tests (or differences in outcomes) and ignores the level of
validity and utility offered by a test.
Second, the Resource Guide makes repeated references to “alternative
measures”, “alternative assessments”, “another way”, “practical
alternatives”, and “least discriminatory practical alternatives.” The
inconsistent terminology is confusing, but the Resource Guide offers
no guidance on what level of disparate impact would result in an
investigation. Must there be substantial statistical disparities or
would any disparate outcome result in an investigation?
the Resource Guide establishes a false dichotomy between standardized
tests and all other measures used to make the same types of high
stakes individual decisions. The Resource Guide holds tests to a much
higher legal and professional standard than other measures (e.g.,
rank, ratings, samples of student work, grades) in terms of producing
uniform results across
groups.
The tone and language used throughout is laced with legal terms,
often never defined in this document (or when defined there is no
citation or reference of where the definition is taken), or having no
common legal definition in case law. Examples, include terms such as
“educational necessity, due process challenges, de jure
discrimination, substantially serves educational purposes,
disproportionate adverse impact…” Clearly, this Resource Guide will
not be useful to most educators who routinely confront issues
involving high stakes educational testing.
PRINCETON REVIEW CLAIMS SAT HARMS WOMEN, MINORITIES
\clip\98\12\princsat.txt Tuesday September 1, 12:01 pm Eastern Time
The Princeton Review: College Board's Report on SAT Test-Takers
Serves as an Indictment of the SAT Board's Own Data Contradict Their
Claims of the Test's Validity
\clip\98\08\hurtmin.txt 1/14/98 Education week
http://www.edweek.org/ew/vol-17/18sat.h17 "You're more likely to end
up with a diverse class\ because the SAT discriminates." " [but study
shows blacks would decline if it went to grade only, and grades were
raised accordingly]
\clip\98\08\sathist.txt http://www.edweek.org/ew/current/31weiss.h17
4/15/98 Education Week The SAT: Public-Spirited or Preserving
Privilege? By Julian Weissglass Exploring elitist historical
assumptions that still underly the SAT. [says that SAT was designed
to exclude minorities, they aren't valid and should be banned, now]
DIFFERENT GROUP AVERAGES MEAN THE TEST IS BIASED?
/images/972/112197/p03.gif
"Decade-old SAT scores better than you thought" Seattle Times Oct 26,
1997 The SAT is thought to be biased because minorities and women
score lower than whites and men, but defenders say it is because of
factors other than bias.
DO THE SATS ONLY PICK OUT THE RICH?
http://www.theatlantic.com/Atlantic/ issues/95sep/ets/fall.htm
\clip\97\04\fallow.txt Atlantic Magazine February 1980 The Tests and
The "Brightest": How Fair Are The College Boards? by James Fallows
Comment - there are lots of Asians who get good test scores with low
incomes, conversely, there are lots of blacks with high incomes with
low scores. He does not investigate this question.
WOMEN SCORE LOWER ON SAT MATH, BUT GET BETTER FRESHMAN GRADES
\clip\97\19\satbias.txt BY laurie.snell@chance.dartmouth.edu
http://www.geom.umn.edu/docs/education/chance/teaching_aids/
student_projects/morgen/node1.html
Statistical Ideas Up: Sex Bias and the Scholastic Aptitude Test Previous:
@@black
BLACKS WITH HIGH SAT SCORES STILL DISADVANTAGED
\clip\98\15\blakscor.txt
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPlate/1998-10/25/278l-102598-idx.html
Puzzling Percentiles By Karin Chenoweth Washington Post Sunday,
October 25, 1998; Page R07 African-American students who score 1200
or better on the SAT -- almost 5 percent of males and 4 percent of
females -- have fewer advantages than white students who score in
that range. They are more likely to come from families with lower
incomes and with fewer college degrees than white high scorers. They
attend schools where fewer of the parents have college degrees or
high incomes. And they are much more likely than white high scorers
to attend school in large central cities, where educational
opportunities are often more limited than in the suburbs.
\priv\95\01\hiblack.txt
@@Book
Lemann: The Big Test
Lehman advocates an even
bigger standards based test than the SAT
LEHMAN CLAIMS SAT UNFAIR TO POOR MINORITIES, ADVOCATES OBE STANDARDS
zip37\clip\99\18\satleh.txt Is the SAT a) Useful or b) Unfair? By
Dan Seligman 09/29/1999 The Wall Street Journal Page A20 Doubtless
feeling a need to come up with something, he has an "Afterword"
imagining a totally different world wherein the federal government
guarantees decent schooling for everybody, the country's high schools
embrace an agreed-upon national curriculum, college admissions are
determined by mastery of this curriculum and just about everybody
gets a full-scale college education, apparently at public expense.
zip38\clip\99\19\lehmann.txt Atlantic interview with Lehmann, says
way to get rid of affirmative action is to get rid of test score
gap.
zip38\clip\99\19\bigtest.txt Bracey reviews Lemann's _The Big Test_
from the Sunday _WP_.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPlate/1999-10/17/105l-101799-idx.html
Sunday, October 17, 1999; Page X04 THE BIG TEST The Secret History of
the American Meritocracy By Nicholas Lemann Farrar Straus Giroux. 406
pp. $27 Reviewed by Gerald W. Bracey His treatment is the grandest in
scope, the most literate and most readable. In the end, though, it is
too glib and wrong -- dishonest even.
@@Bush, GW
http://www.johntaylorgatto.com/historytour/history8.htm
John Gatto:
Bush graduated from Yale, became governor of Texas, and president of
the United States—with a mediocre 550 [verbal SAT]
Bill Bradley had a horrifying 480 on the verbal part of his own SATs,
yet graduated from Princeton, won a Rhodes Scholarship, and became a
senator;
@@california SAT Scores
casat93.xls California 1993
SAT scores by race
@@california high schools
Taken from California Dept of Education Goldmine site:
1995 SAT scores and other statistics by county:
\priv\96\15\ALAMEDA TXT
CONTCOST TXT
MARIN TXT
ORANGE TXT
LOSANG TXT
SACRAMEN TXT
SANDIEG TXT
SANFRAN TXT
SANMATEO TXT
SANTBARB TXT
SANTCRUZ TXT
SHASTA TXT
SONOMA TXT
VENTURA TXT
YUBA TXT
PREFNOTE HTM
PRESRELS HTM
CALHIGH HTM
CLASSAGE TXT
See rankings:Best CA High Schools
@@coaching
Testing helps, but by not more than 20 points out of 1600.
z48\clip\2001\03\satcoach.txt March 25, 2001 - NY Times Admissions
Test Courses Help, but Not So Much, Study Finds By GINA KOLATA The
study's data indicated that the average gain from coaching was no
more than about 20 points on the 1,600-point SAT test, similarly on
the ACT
The Test Under Stress New York Times Magazine Jan 10, 1999 SAT score
have never been so important, or so vulnerable to charges that
theyvdon't measur up. Test coaching is part of the problem. It may
also be part of the solution. Tony Schwartz. Tom Hayden proposes tax
funding of coaching for undrperforming students, some use SAT as
general skills tutorial.
@@College Ranking
@@decline
There isn't a real decline in SAT scores, it's just more people
taking the test.
VIETNAM WAR DRAFT DODGERS BROUGHT DOWN SAT SCORES, MILITARY IQ
http://www.intellectualcapital.com/issues/98/0611/icbusgraph.asp How
One War Dumbed Down Everything by Howard Wainer June 11, 1998
\clipim\99\04\onewar\onewar1.htm
path: asian.education.sat.decline file: \doc\95\06\satnodec.txt -
Corrected for socioeconomic changes, students score higher in 1994
than their counterparts in 1975 reference: "Private Schools Withing
the Public Schools" Seattle Times May 14, 1995 Dick Lilly E. Rhodes,
J. Houtz p.1
@@discrepant
ONE THIRD OF STUDENTS HAVE GPA'S THAT WILL NOT BE AS ACCURATE AS SAT SCORES
http://www.collegeboard.org/research/html/rs1.pdf
October 1997 The College Board's Office of Research and Development
[Note from AADAP: This report is in the PDF format, and requires the
downloadable Adobe Acrobat reader to be opened.] "Relevant to recent
proposals to deemphasize standardized test scores in college admissions.
Reports that approximately two-thirds of all students have "nondiscrepant"
scores, meaning that their predicted freshman GPA in college will be
similar whether SAT scores or high school GPA are used. Discusses
differences between this "nondiscrepant" group and students with
discrepant scores, and within the latter category, between HSD students
(those with standardized GPA at least one standard deviation above the
standardized SAT scores) and SATD students (those with standardized SAT at
least one standard deviation above the standardized high school GPA).
Reports that female and minority students are more highly represented in
the HSD group. Since students in the SATD group are more likely to take
courses in science and math and fewer remedial courses, the report
speculates that the use of freshman GPA rather than freshman course grades
may result in an artificially lower predictive validity for SAT scores."
@@Education Testing Service (ETS)
Home Page: < ahref="http://www.ets.org/">http://www.ets.org/
SAT
GRE
GMAT
TOEFL
LSAT
Corporate Headquarters
Educational Testing Service
Rosedale Road
Princeton, NJ 08541 USA
(609) 921-9000
FAX: 609-734-5410
e-mail: etsinfo@ets.org
@@gender gap
Gender Dif what is even more
interesting is the sex difference in quantitative scores on higher
level exams. While the effect size favoring males on the SAT-math is
.31; on the GRE General it rises to .63, and on the GRE Math it's .87.
La Griffe du Lion The gender difference in
math SAT scores cannot be explained away by either different standard
deviations or a larger female test-taking pool. Knowing that the best
and the brightest of both sexes take SATs, I solved this problem by
reconstructing, from the extreme high-end tail of the distribution,
the distribution that would be obtained if *every person* in the U.S.
of high school senior age took the exam. The results of this
analysis yielded a gender gap of 0.303 SD from the >= 750 cutoff, and
0.313 SD from the >= 780 cutoff. Both numbers agree well with the
gender difference in mean scores of 0.32 SD for just test takers.
For details, see:
http://members.xoom.com/griffedulion/women_and_minorities_in_science.htm
SAT GENDER GAP NARROWS \clip\97\12\gendgap.txt
/clip/97/12/gendgap/sat-gender-educ.html c:\clip\97\12\gendgap.txt
New York Times May 7, 1997 Gender Gap in Testing Narrower Than
Believed, Study Finds The most persistent gap isn't girls in math,
but boys in reading and writing, and its much closer than it was 30
years ago.
Rank of women better/worse
-- Girls Much Better
Verbal writing
Perceptual Speed
Short Term MemoryStudy skills
Verbal reading
--- Better
Math Computation
Abstract reasoning
Verbal Vocabulary reasoning
--- About Equal
Social science
--- Boys Better
Math Concepts
Spatial Skills
Natural Science
Geopolitical
--- Boys Much better
Mechanical/ Electronic
@@GPA Grade Point Average
ARE GRADES MORE VALID THAN TEST SCORES?
http://www.arthurhu.com/index/test.htm#satgpa
\doc\web\97\06\satgpa.wk1
A: BLACK GPA GAP ISN'T ANY CLOSER THAN TEST SCORE GAP
Many have argued that gpa is a much better and less biased indicator
than test scores, but blacks don't fare much better in GPA than test
score. Blacks are 3.7 times more likely to have GPA's as D, E, or F,
and only 1/3 as likely to have A+ grade averags.
B: BLACK GPA IS LESS RELIABLE AND OVERPREDICTS THAN TEST SCORE
Moreover, blacks are much more likely to attend segregated schools
with much lower grading standards. Thus test scores show that a Black
A+ is equivalent to a White A-, and a White B is better than a Black
A-. Studies cited in books like "Choosing Elites" by Klitgaard and
the LSAS validity study show that GPA combined with test scores
actually overpredict minority success, and that for minorities, GPA
is much less reliable by itself than test scores alone, which is to
be expected since SAT scores are uniform across all students, but
grading within schools is not.
Ranking of math SAT by GPA and Race
-----------------------------------
White A+ 556
Asian A+ 540
White A- 484
Black A+ 480
MexicanA+ 478
White B 425
Black A- 411
SAT vs. GPA 1995 by Race
Total White Black Mexican Asian NativeAm
A+ 97-10 57219 42852 2029 1534 6592 340
A 93-96 134663 98497 6567 4104 14927 847
A- 90-92 145166 104153 8456 5045 14846 1068
B 80-89 488898 326618 54666 19207 34811 4678
C 70-79 148524 87082 28392 5470 7931 1716
DEF <70 4277 1996 1120 107 353 47
No resp 89246 13145 2624 856 2054 240
total 1067993 674343 103854 36323 81514 8936
SAT Math vs. GPA
Total White Black Mexican Asian NativeAm
A+ 97-10 547 556 480 478 540 521
A 93-96 500 513 432 428 475 475
A- 90-92 470 484 411 410 440 448
B 80-89 408 425 356 363 382 391
C 70-79 354 372 317 327 337 354
DEF <70 337 362 312 318 320 345
No resp
Percent Total White Black Mexican Asian NativeAm
A+ 97-10 5.36% 6.35% 1.95% 4.22% 8.09% 3.80%
A 93-96 12.61% 14.61% 6.32% 11.30% 18.31% 9.48%
A- 90-92 13.59% 15.45% 8.14% 13.89% 18.21% 11.95%
B 80-89 45.78% 48.43% 52.64% 52.88% 42.71% 52.35%
C 70-79 13.91% 12.91% 27.34% 15.06% 9.73% 19.20%
DEF <70 0.40% 0.30% 1.08% 0.29% 0.43% 0.53%
Index Total White Black Mexican Asian NativeAm
A+ 97-10 -1.19 1.00 -3.25 -1.50 1.27 -1.67
A 93-96 -1.16 1.00 -2.31 -1.29 1.25 -1.54
A- 90-92 -1.14 1.00 -1.90 -1.11 1.18 -1.29
B 80-89 -1.06 1.00 1.09 1.09 -1.13 1.08
C 70-79 1.08 1.00 2.12 1.17 -1.33 1.49
DEF <70 1.35 1.00 3.64 -1.00 1.46 1.78
Ratio Total White Black Mexican Asian NativeAm
A+ 97-10 0.84 1.00 0.31 0.66 1.27 0.60
A 93-96 0.86 1.00 0.43 0.77 1.25 0.65
A- 90-92 0.88 1.00 0.53 0.90 1.18 0.77
B 80-89 0.95 1.00 1.09 1.09 0.88 1.08
C 70-79 1.08 1.00 2.12 1.17 0.75 1.49
DEF <70 1.35 1.00 3.64 1.00 1.46 1.78
@@gap (measured in standard deviation)
The SAT gap is nearly as large as the 1 Standard Devation difference
usually found in IQ tests, but the test includes more whites, and
fewer blacks, so under-estimates the difference in the comparable
population.
CA 1990 math black=392 white=504 SD=125, so CA difference =0.9 SD,
about the same margin as IQ tests, but with blacks slightly
underrepresented.
@@Grade
@@Prediction
Blacks get grades equal to whites with much higher SAT scores, this
probably explains the "overprediction" found when comparing blacks
with equal grades and test scores
I'll need to put the table here sometime, but it's in the 1985
College Bound Seniors book.
Underprediction
The overprediction is no small amount either - according to Robert
Kiltgard it amounts to about 240 points on the combined SAT.
(Thernstrom's, p. 638, footnote 34)
In other words, a black with a combined SAT score of 1240 will
generally perform at the same level as a white who scores only 1000.
ndeed, there is an article in pinc which deals with this
(http://www.cycad.com/cgi-bin/pinc/feb98/anon-discrim.html)
and Ed Miller and Richard Epstein have both dealt
with aspects of this too.
The following PDF includes information on under/over prediction of
academic performance using the SAT for several ethnic groups, as well
as men and women.
Common Sense About the SAT (their title, not mine):
http://www.collegeboard.org/index_this/research/html/rn01.pdf
Once you get to the link, go to Table 7. It shows that high
school GPA overpredicts freshman GPA for blacks by .35
on a 4 point scale. The SAT overpredicts same by .23 on a
4 point scale.
Table 8 prediction
SAT / SAT + HSGPA
.18/.15 english not best lan
.09/.06 females
.08/.04 asian american
.01/.01 white
------ under predict ---
------ over predict ---------
-.10/-.06 males
-.13/-.13 hispanic
-.23/-.16 black
-.29/-.24 Am indian
Hausman
EITHER GPA OR SAT OVERPREDICT BLACK FROSH GPA
From: "Patricia Hausman"
ETS data show that high school grades overpredict
freshman grade point average for black students
by .35 points on a 4 point scale.
The SAT overpredicts by .23 points (on a 4 point
scale).
These calculations are from 1994 and based on validity
data from 45 colleges.
Patti
@@Graduation rate
file: \clipim\99\03\scoregap\scoregap.htm
url: http://epn.org/prospect/40/40jencnf.html
Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips, "America's Next Achievement
Test: Closing the Black-White Test Score Gap," The American Prospect
no. 40 (September-October 1998): 44-53
when we compare blacks and whites with the same twelfth-grade test
scores, blacks are more likely than whites to complete college. Once
we equalize test scores, High School and Beyond blacks' 16.7-point
disadvantage in college graduation rates turns into a 5.9-point
advantage.
@@History
NEW SAT WILL MEASURE HOW GOOD SCHOOLS ARE, NOT STUDENTS
z56\clip\2002\07\murrsat.txt Wall Street Journal July 3, 2002
COMMENTARY SAT Reform Fails the Needy By CHARLES MURRAY Put more
bluntly, the SAT is backing off its historic mission of measuring how
smart students are. Before the process goes any further, now is a
good time to ask who benefits.
z56\clip\2002\06\newsat.txt
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/134483919_sat28.html
Seattle Times June 28, 2002
Essay to be part of revamped SAT; critics say changes in test fail to
address issue of racial bias By Rebecca Trounson Los Angeles Times
The new test will cost students $10 to $12 more than the current one,
which is priced at $26 this fall... by March 2005, will include
questions based on advanced algebra, replace verbal analogies with
additional reading-comprehension questions. And, most significantly,
it will require each student to produce a handwritten essay
@@income
"The SAT is only a measure of parental income" WRONG! While this is
generally true within a race, it is NOT true between races. Rich
whites score better than poor whites . But poor Asians score as well
as middle class whites and upper class blacks.
\clip\98\09\racecolr.txt http:
//www.examiner.com/980607/0607race.shtml June 7, 1998, San Francisco
Examiner How race colors learning By Annie Nakao OF THE EXAMINER STAFF
Studies show that the most well-off African American youngsters -- children
of middle- and upper-income families that have come the farthest since the
civil rights movement -- generally perform worse than Asian and white
children from lower-income families.
California SAT scores for 1995 showed that whites accounted for 39 percent
of those scoring 750 or more in math (out of a perfect 800), and half of
those who scored 600 or more.
Asian American students comprised 46 percent of those scoring 750 or more
and 30 percent of those scoring 600 or more.
college-bound students with at least one parent who had a graduate
degree, the 1997 mean combined SAT verbal and math score
1165 Asians
1130 whites
1014 Mexican Americans
951 blacks
A UC analysis last year of 1995 SAT scores in California found that
blacks from California families earning $100,000 or more per year had
a mean math score of 498, 1 point less than whites from families
earning less than $10,000 and only 7 points more than Asians whose
families made less than $10,000.
http://www.arthurhu.com/index/test.htm#satincome
\doc\96\06\satinc.wk1
Source: 1995 College Board SAT Profiles
Test scores
white |black |mexican |asian
income verbamath |v m |v m |v m
x$10,000 | | |
under 10 409 460| 320 315| 330 386| 343 482
10-20 418 459| 337 369| 349 403| 363 500
20-30 428 471| 352 382| 369 420| 497 518
30-40 433 478| 362 393| 384 431| 415 528
40-50 439 488| 375 405| 399 446| 432 537
50-60 446 498| 382 414| 409 456| 444 549
60-70 453 506| 385 415| 415 458| 453 558
over 70 475 533| 407 442| 430 478| 476 595
overall 448 498| 376 426| 356 388| 418 538
Black over 70 < white under $10,000
White over 70 < asian 40,000
Asian verbal scores comparable above $40,000 / yr
Ethnicity Ranked by 1995 Math SAT scores
--------------------------
595 Asian over $70,000
538 Asian average
537 Asian $40-50,000
533 White over $70,000
498 White average
488 White $40-50,000
482 Asian under $10,000
478 Mexican over $70,000
460 White under $10,000
431 Mexican $30-$40,000
442 Black over $70,000
426 Black average
315 Black under $10,000
Source: College Board Senior Profiles
See “Standardized Tests: The Interpretation of Racial and Ethnic Gaps”
at:
http://members.xoom.com/griffedulion/testing.htm
This shows how to measure the "true" difference between races
measured in standard deviation, not just the arithmetic
difference between scores. On low-g tests such as TAAS, minorities can
narrow the difference slightly, but on very difficult tests
they may be limited by IQ.
Test scores difference
white black mexican asian
income verbamath v m v m v m
x$10,000
under 10 0 0 -89 -145 -79 -74 -66 22
10-20 0 0 -81 -90 -69 -56 -55 41
20-30 0 0 -76 -89 -59 -51 -31 47
30-40 0 0 -71 -85 -49 -47 -18 50
40-50 0 0 -64 -83 -40 -42 -7 49
50-60 0 0 -64 -84 -37 -42 -2 51
60-70 0 0 -68 -91 -38 -48 0 52
over 70 0 0 -68 -91 -45 -55 1 62
------------------------------------------------
overall 0 0 -72 -72 -92 -110 -30 40
The gap actually gets LARGER for math when you equalize income
Asians are better at math at EVERY income level, worse at verbal below $40,0
@@IQ equivalence
Lostrow says According to Arthur
Jensen, in 1970 a verbal score of 500 on the SAT was approximately
equivalent to an IQ of 117. (50th percentile) Thus for seniors in
high school, a 600 verbal SAT back then would represent an IQ of 130,
a 700 score would represent IQ143, 800 ~ 156 IQ. With renorming, a
current score of 500 SAT verbal probably is equivalent to about IQ
104. In other words, the average score has dropped a standard
deviation (110 SAT points, or 13 IQ points).
RENORMED SAT NOW CUTS OUT AT ABOUT 134 IQ
Lostrow says the SAT is actually
better than some IQ tests at testing very high IQ, the top 800 score
was about equal to a 156-160 but about 134 now. The pre-renormed SAT
was the best cost-effective instrument available to detect high IQs (
up to about 156-160, represented by the top verbal SAT score, 800).
The WISC and Stanford-Binet are frequently inadequate to test people
whose IQs are above 130-132 and who have uneven subtest scores, some
of which hit the test ceiling. The renorming, has resulted in the
renormed SAT verbal test ceiling cutting off at roughly IQ 135-140.
From: "James"
The Bell Curve cites literature that estimates the SAT score for the
total population. It assumes that the score is a little less than
900. The standard deviation for scores of the test-taking population
is about 230 points. You can use the mean and standard deviation to
estimate IQ equivalence. By comparison, Mensa considers 1250 (post
1974, pre-recentering) an acceptable score.
1300 SAT or CEEB scored prior to 9/30/74
1250 scored from 9/30/74 thru 1/31/94
NA scored after 1/31/94
Igoe tries one equivalence
Mean SD 50Pct 84 97.5 99.5
IQ 100 16 100 116 132 148
SAT1 800 230 800 1030 1260 1490
SAT2 900 230 900 1130 1360 1590
1 - before recenter
2 - after recenter
estimates for the whole population are based on the PSAT and studies
comprising all students, not just SAT takers or prospective college
students.
@@Job
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
http://online.wsj.com/article_print/0,,SB106729501444224900,00.html
Wall Street Journal
October 28, 2003
More Employers Are Asking
Job Seekers for SAT Scores
KEMBA J. DUNHAM
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
Donna Chan is 23 years old and has been out of college since May
2002, when she graduated from Wagner College on New York's Staten
Island. So should anyone care how she did way back in high school on
her SATs?
@@language and citizenship
Contrary to studies that show assimilation hurts academic peformance,
Asians who speak English as a first language score nearly as high in
math as those with another language (immigrant), and just as high as
whites in verbal. Immigrants score only 20 points higher, the same
spread as between whites and am-born Asians.
English as second language:
\doc\95\12\sat95bk.wk1
1995 Scholastic Aptitude Test Breakdown by Ethnicity
Data from the College Board
Data Entry and Analysis by Arthur Hu
White Black Hisp Asian
Language p. 6 pct verb math pct verb math pct verb math pct verb
math
Overall SAT 448 498 356 388 376 426 418
538
White gap 0 0 -92 -110 -72 -72 -30
40
Primary
English 95 450 499 90 358 389 42 406 449 29 449
525
English + Othe 4 415 467 7 341 378 32 365 412 29 443
546
Other 2 406 525 3 327 383 27 343 420 42 380
541
Citizen 98 449 498 93 357 387 88 383 430 60 452
539
Perm Res/ Refu 1 415 510 4 341 382 9 332 399 24 364
514
Citz of Other 1 424 541 3 374 433 3 334 420 15 384
579
Not Citizen 2 7 12 39
Notes - Asian citizen V452 better in verbal than White V449
Asian Perm Res V364 is comparable to Black V356 and Hisp V376, but
Math M514 is still better than White Citizen M498 - equally smart, but
penalized by low verbal scores
Asian citizens of foreign countries are better in math and verbals than
Perm Res better in math than Citizens (but citizens > white too)
Nearly 40% of Asians not citizens, highest of any SAT group
Asian with 1st English or other very close to White, as 2nd language close
to
Black
@@major
Table 22-6: Percentage of students intending
to major in selected fields and their average verbal and mathematics
SAT scores: 1995
Top 5 majors
Intended college major Total Male FemaleVerbalMath
Mathematics 1 1 0 480 619
Physical sciences 1 2 1 500 580
Engineering 9 13 3 451 556
General/interdisciplinary 0 0 0 507 541
Biological sciences 5 4 6 471 524
...
Computer/information sciences 3 4 1 416 495
...
Bottom 5 majors
Agriculture/natural resources 2 2 1 414 454
Education 8 4 10 409 446
Home economics 0 0 0 382 416
Public affairs and services 3 3 2 380 414
Technical and vocational 1 1 0 357 407
Note - Norman Matloff insists there is no differnce in ability to
program between english and computer science majors.
@@math
\doc\95\12\sat95bk.wk1
1995 Scholastic Aptitude Test Breakdown by Ethnicity
Data from the College Board
Data Entry and Analysis by Arthur Hu
White Black Hisp Asian
Math Coursework Gap Gap Gap Gap
Overall 0 498 -110 388 -72 426 40
538
Algebra 97 0 498 96 -110 388 97 -73 425 94 37
535
Geometry 95 0 504 90 -109 395 94 -73 431 94 36
540
Triginometry 55 0 539 43 -106 433 42 -68 471 64 26
565
Precalculus 38 0 573 24 -104 469 32 -77 496 54 18
591
Calculus 23 0 613 12 -105 508 16 -76 537 40 13
626
Computer Math 9 10 10 13
Black Calculus is equal to Whites who took Geometry, Asian Algebra, or
Hispanic precalculus
Asians advantage falls to 13 points with Calculus vs. 40 overall
Nearly half of Asians took Calculus, 2X rate of Whites, 4X rate of Blacks
White Black Hisp Asian
Years of Study pct verb math pct verbal math pct verbal math pct verbal
math
4 70 521 62 406 62 451 77
558
3 27 450 33 361 35 390 20
469
2 3 402 4 332 4 356 3
449
1 0 395 0 319 0 329 0
428
1/2 or less 0 435 0 330 0 372 0
434
honors 29 597 18 487 25 518 42
619
42% (nearly half) of Asians took honors math courses compared to 29% White,
18% Black
Black 4 year = White 2 year, Hisp 3 Year, Asian 1/2 year or less
Blacks who took honors courses (487) still less than Whites overall (498)
Asian honors is highest, even higher than Asian $70,000+ income
@@Misuse
"the report is radical in that it acknowledges the abuse of the use
of SAT scores and that such abuse can be detrimental to women. The
abuse includes overweighing the SAT or using it as sole criterion in
some admission processes. Also, the test is employed as a proficiency
cut-off for some college math courses and scholarships which is a
potential misuse(330). "
@@news
\doc\web\97\07\eastsat.txt Seattle Times 8/28/97 Eastside students
score better on SAT this year
Combined Scores
Ranked by 1997 SAT Scores
-------------------------
1997 1996 City
-------------------------
1098 1090 Bellevue
1083 1066 Northshore
1057 1055 Issaquah
1067 1054 Lake Washington
1046 Washington State Average
1016 US Average
\clip\97\19\ocsat.txt Los Angeles Times Wednesday, August 27, 1997
O.C.'s SAT Scores Again Beat U.S., State Averages Education: Bigger
course loads boost achievement, official says. But some schools slip
from 1996 results. By TINA NGUYEN, Times Staff Writer
\clip\97\19\calfsat.txt
http://www.sacbee.com/news/beetoday/newsroom/local/082797/ local03.html
Sacramento Bee Aug 26, 1997 State students' SAT scores up: Best
showing in 22 years By Jon Engellenner Bee Staff Writer
\clip\97\19\texsat.txt
http://www.dallasnews.com/texas-southwest-nf/tsw63.htm Dallas News
SAT math scores rise slightly 08/27/97
\clip\97\19\satmont.txt
http://www.WashingtonPost.com/wp-srv/WPlate/1997-08/27/112l- 082797-idx.html
Washington Post aug 27, 1997 p. A01 SAT Scores Rise In Montgomery,
Prince George's Averages Fall in D.C., Most of Northern Va.
(Seattle) Student test scores take a leap \clip\97\19\seatsat.txt
http://www.seattletimes.com/extra/browse/html97/altsatt_ 082797.html
Copyright © 1997 The Seattle Times Company Wednesday, Aug. 27, 1997
by Dick Lilly Seattle Times staff reporter
http://www.boston.com/dailyglobe/globehtml/239/Scores_on_SAT_ inch_up_statew
ide.htm
Scores on SAT inch up statewide \clip\97\19\masssat.txt Boston Globe
Mass. leads nation in rate of test-taking, lags in math By Jordana
Hart, Globe Staff, 08/27/97
Boston Schools
White V 535 (460)
Asian V 389 (310)
White M 524 (500)
Black M 392 (340)
\clip\97\19\connsat.txt
http://www.boston.com/dailynews/wirehtml/239/Connecticut_SAT_ scores_improve
__but.htm
Connecticut SAT scores improve, but poor kids still lag [Does not
mention that minorities lag even at high incomes] Associated Press,
08/27/97 01:46
\clip\97\19\moremin.txt [The Philadelphia Inquirer] Page One
Wednesday, August 27, 1997 More minorities taking SAT, but scores
still lagging Math results improved for all students, while verbal
results did not. The College Board also found indications of grade
inflation.
\clip\97\19\satcalf.txt SAT Scores Rise, but Trouble Spots Remain
Wednesday, Los Angeles Times August 27, 1997
\clip\97\19\satmath.txt New York Times August 27, 1997 S.A.T. Math
Scores Continue to Rise, Board Reports
@@Rate taking
@@recenter
@@norm - 1996 recentering
\clip\96\03\newscale.txt USA Today SAT scores use new scale
Official explanation:
The College Board recentered the score scale of the SAT I:
Reasoning Test in 1995, re-establishing the original mean score of
500 on the 200-800 scale, in order to maintain the test's statistical
integrity and predictive validity. The scale had not been
recalibrated since 1941 when it reflected the norm of some 10,000
students from predominantly private secondary schools who applied to
the nation's most selective private colleges and universities. As
mean scores shifted below 500, the scores became stretched in the
upper half and compressed in the lower half, an intolerable
compromise to statistical standards.
Now that scores are recentered on the renormed SAT I, they
reflect the more than two million students who take the test today, a
true cross section of a more diverse college-bound population.
Although a student's score might change after recentering, the
rank order of scores, expressed as percentiles, stays the same. What
is more, a specific score on the verbal test now has the same
relative position and meaning as that score on the math test, so that
a 450 on verbal and math signifies comparable performance in both
areas. Just before recentering, when verbal and math means were out
of alignment, a score of 450 meant above-average performance on
verbal and below-average performance on math. Recentering permits
legitimate comparison of verbal and math scores and reduces earlier
confusion, but it has no effect on historical score trends, which
remain the same, or on the difficulty level of the test and the
relative standing of students to each other.
Recentering has improved the quality of this sophisticated
instrument, maintaining its effectiveness as an objective standard in
American education.
asian.education.test.norm "Tally Change, not IQs boosting SAT scores"
USA Today May 31, 1995 Chart that gives equivalence from old to new
scores:
Conversion chart from new to old:
New->Old
Verbal Math
730-800 -70 780-800 -20
700-760 -60 700-690 +10
600-670 -70 600-600 - 0
500-580 -80 500-520 -20
\doc\96\06\newsat.wk1 As cited in USA Today 08/23/96
Conversion of SAT scores from pre-1996 to recentered:
New Dif New Dif
Old Verbal Math
800 800 0 800 0
790 800 10 800 10
780 800 20 800 20
770 800 30 790 20
760 800 40 770 10
750 800 50 760 10
740 800 60 740 0
730 800 70 730 0
720 790 70 720 0
710 780 70 700 -10
700 760 60 690 -10
690 750 60 680 -10
680 740 60 670 -10
670 730 60 660 -10
660 720 60 650 -10
650 710 60 650 0
640 700 60 640 0
630 690 60 630 0
620 680 60 620 0
610 670 60 610 0
600 670 70 600 0
590 660 70 600 10
580 650 70 590 10
570 640 70 580 10
560 630 70 570 10
550 620 70 560 10
540 610 70 560 20
530 600 70 550 20
520 600 80 540 20
510 590 80 530 20
500 580 80 520 20
490 570 80 520 30
480 560 80 510 30
470 550 80 500 30
460 540 80 490 30
450 530 80 480 30
440 520 80 480 40
430 510 80 470 40
420 500 80 460 40
410 490 80 450 40
400 480 80 440 40
390 470 80 430 40
380 460 80 430 50
370 450 80 420 50
360 440 80 410 50
350 430 80 400 50
340 420 80 390 50
330 410 80 380 50
320 400 80 370 50
310 390 80 350 40
300 380 80 340 40
290 370 80 330 40
280 360 80 310 30
270 350 80 300 30
260 340 80 280 20
250 330 80 260 10
240 310 70 240 0
230 300 70 220 -10
220 290 70 200 -20
210 270 60 200 -10
200 230 30 200 0
Source: The College Board.
http://167.8.29.8/life/dcovthu.htm
http://167.8.29.8/life/lds012.htm
RECENTERING INCREASED 800 SCORES BY 17 TIMES.
http://members.xoom.com/griffedulion/women_and_minorities_in_science.htm
La Griffe du Lion Volume 1, Number 1 September 1999 There were other
only rarely mentioned consequences. The new scoring system blurs the
line between excellent and exceptional. Truly special students get
lost in the crowd of very good students. In the year just before the
SAT was recentered, 32 students nationwide scored a "perfect" 1600 on
the combined math and verbal exams. The following year, after
recentering, 545 students scored 1600, about 17 times more than under
the old system. The SAT no longer distinguishes high-scoring
minorities from higher achieving Whites and Asians.
@@Reform
Cunningham on wierd anti-ETS
articles coming out of ETS
@@Requirement
%%Against
UC PREZ WANTS TO DUMP SAT
z48\clip\2001\01\nosat.txt STANDARDIZED TESTS AND ACCESS TO AMERICAN
UNIVERSITIES(1) Richard C. Atkinson President of University of
California http://www.ucop.edu/ucophome/pres/comments/satspch.html I
recommended that all campuses move away from admission processes that
use narrowly defined quantitative formulas and instead adopt
procedures that look at applicants in a comprehensive, holistic way.
BLACK MCWHORTER SAYS KEEP SAT
\clip\2001\03\mcwhsat.txt The Chronicle of Higher Education March 9,
2001 Eliminating the SAT Could Derail the Progress of Minority
Students By JOHN H. McWHORTER promising students whose grades have
suffered because of external factors are as likely to underperform on
those tests as on the SAT. Eliminating the SAT, which attempts to
measure aptitude and not exposure to specific course content, would
make it harder to identify such students
%%Black
GETTING RID OF SAT WOULD REDUCE BLACK ELIGIBILITY
z48\doc\web\2001\03\izumsat.txt
http://www.pacificresearch.org/action/action65.html
By LANCE IZUMI, Pacific Research Institute
Keep the SAT as a UC Admissions Requirement
the minimum GPA for admissions would have to be raised to 3.65.11
According to the study, "eligibility rates of white graduates
increased by 17 percent (from 12.7 to 14.8) and the Latino
eligibility rate increased by 5 percent (from 3.8 to 4.0)."12
However: "In contrast, proportionately fewer African-American
graduates within the fully and potentially eligible groups had
achieved a 3.65 or greater GPA. The African-American eligibility rate
falls from 2.8 percent to 2.3 percent, representing an 18 percent
decline."13
MOST BLACK COLLEGES REQUIRE SAT OR SIMILAR TESTS
Jim Woodhill 3/2001: Historically Black Colleges/Universities
(HBCUs). The HBCUs do use the SAT, led by the top 3, Howard,
Morehouse and Spelman. . Even HBCU's of lesser academic quality like
FAMU and Stillman require SAT or ACT test scores, I was told.
@@Overprediction
SAT SCORES OVERPREDICT MINORITY PERFORMANCE
\clip\97\19\caseend.txt http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/23comm.htm
The case for ending racial preferences by James Q Wilson Yet,
according to many studies, SAT scores [and grades] tend to
overpredict black performance in college. Blacks do not do as well as
their SAT scores predict.
@@parental education
In general, more education is better, but it does not hold across
races. Best educated blacks still equal to white hs dropouts, Asian
bachelors equal to white grad, Asian no diploma = white associate.
\doc\95\12\sat95bk.wk1
1995 Scholastic Aptitude Test Breakdown by Ethnicity
Data from the College Board
Data Entry and Analysis by Arthur Hu
Rank
592 Asian Graduate
550 Asian Bachelors
545 White Graduate
459 White HS Diploma
478 Asian No HS
-----Worst Asian
472 White Associate
-----Best Black
438 Black Graduate
418 White No HS
409 Black Bachelors
347 Black No HS
White Black Hisp Asian
Parental Educa pct verb math pct verbal math pct verbal math pct verbal
math
No High School 1 374 418 6 308 347 28 331 389 11 338
478
HS Diploma 34 414 459 50 340 371 40 376 422 26 382
502
Associate 8 425 472 10 354 384 7 390 435 5 398
502
Bachelors 30 460 513 20 379 409 14 420 468 30 426
550
Graduate 27 490 545 14 406 438 11 430 479 28 482
592
Beyond HS 65 44 32 63
Comparative Distrib White Black Hispanic Asian
No High School Dipl 1.0 6.0 28.0 11.0
HS Diploma 1.0 1.5 1.2 -1.3
Associate 1.0 1.3 -1.1 -1.6
Bachelors 1.0 -1.5 -2.1 1.0
Graduate 1.0 -1.9 -2.5 1.0
Asians and Hispanics are most likely to have parents without a HS
diploma Asian are no more likely than whites to have college educated
parents, which fully explains their high college-going rate
Both groups are 2/3 beyond HS
Hispanic have the highest rate of non-HS diplomas (1 in 4), but Asians
are next
Black with graduate education = white or Asian with no HS, Hisp Assoc
White graduate education = Asian Bachelor
Asian with no HS = White Associate
@@Population
http://www.collegeboard.org/press/senior99/html/990831a.html
zip36\clip\99\17\acad.htm
Minority students were one-third of SAT takers in the Class of 1999,
up from 25 percent 10 years ago. SAT takers were 11 percent African
American, 9 percent Asian American, 4 percent Mexican American, 3
percent Hispanic/Latino, and 1 percent Puerto Rican. English was not
the native language for 39 percent of Asian American and
Hispanic/Latino, 28 percent of Mexican American, and 25 percent of
Puerto Rican students.
The SAT verbal average stayed at 505 for a fourth year, and did not
change this year for men (509), women (502), African American (434),
Asian American (498), Mexican American (453), and Other (511)
students. American Indian/Alaskan Natives experienced the largest
one-year increase (4 points), followed by Puerto Ricans (3 points),
Hispanic/Latinos (2 points), and whites (1 point). Average scores for
women rose for American Indians (4 points) and Hispanic/Latinos (3
points), and fell 1 point to 495 for Asian Americans. Average SAT
verbal scores for men rose 6 points for Puerto Ricans, 2 points for
American Indians and Asian Americans, and 1 point for
Hispanic/Latinos.
@@Private / Public
PRIVATE SCHOOLS HAVE HIGHER TEST SCORES \clip\97\19\satcalf.txt SAT
Scores Rise, but Trouble Spots Remain Wednesday, Los Angeles Times
August 27, 1997
1997 SAT Calf results:
Parochial School 526V 518M
Other Private 574V 582M
"as much as 84 points higher than public school averages"
http://www.capenet.org/facts.html#anchor1417287
CAPE Private School Facts
NCES reports 87.5 percent of private high school students apply to
college, compared to 57.4 percent of public high school students
(SASS). And reports from the College Board indicate private schools
account for 17 percent of all SAT test takers, even though they
enroll only 7.5 percent of the country's high school students.
Further, SAT scores for private school students are well above the
national average for every racial, ethnic, and income group.
Class of '99 SAT Total Scores
Public Schools
1009
Private Schools
1068
@@race nonresponder
z75\clip\2004\04\satrace.txt
As Data Show Fewer Report Race, Minority Scores on SAT Questioned
Omissions Mean 'Achievement Gap' Is Difficult to Measure
By Jay Mathews
Washington Post Staff Writer
Sunday, April 4, 2004; Page A06
But buried in the [last august college board] .. A record portion of
the test-takers, 25 percent, had declined to disclose their ethnicity.
Now, an independent analysis of years of SAT data suggests that
growing American disdain for racial categories may cast doubt on how
accurately the SAT can measure the achievement gap.
..the work of Howard Wainer, currently a professor of statistics at
the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, with SAT data from
1981 to 1985. Wainer found that 12 percent to 14 percent of SAT
applicants failed to report their ethnicity.
..The Shaker Heights non-responders were majority female, 82 percent
white and 18 percent African American, while the portion of total
students taking the SAT at Shaker Heights High was 59 percent
non-Hispanic white and 36 percent African American.
...the 2003 non-responder group had
more males than females, even though most SAT takers are female, and had an
average SAT verbal score of 510, slightly above the national average of 507.
@@race distribution
Everyone knows that Blacks SAT scores are low, Whites are high, but
Asians are more likely to be found at the top AND bottom combined
scores.
%%California
ASIANS WOULD BE 45% OF TOP DECILE OF SATii WRITE/MATH/3RD TEST IN 2000
The study report is at
http://www.ucop.edu/sas/research/researchandplanning/pdf/sat_study.pdf (500K), with
some supporting documents at
http://www.ucop.edu/sas/research/researchandplanning/supporting.htm
Table 11
Racial/Ethnic Composition of Top Decile of
SAT I vs. SAT II Takers, Fall 2000 UC Applicant Pool
SAT I SAT II SAT II
Verbal+Math Writing+Math Writing+Math+3rd_Test
African_American 0.7% 0.7% 0.6%
American_Indian 0.3% 0.3% 0.2%
Asian_American 41.4% 42.3% 45.0%
Chicano/Latino 2.5% 2.5% 3.0%
White 40.6% 40.2% 37.4%
Other/Unknown 14.5% 14.0% 13.7%
%%National Race
MINORITY UNDER AND ASIAN OVER GAP INCREASES 1993-2003
z70\clip\2003\08\sathi.txt
SAT Scores Are Highest Since 1974
Test Gap Between Whites, Minorities
Widens Among College Freshmen
By JUNE KRONHOLZ
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
Wall Street Journal chart Aug 27, 2003 p. D2
"SAT Scores Are Highest Since 1974"
http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/about/news_info/cbsenior/yr2003/pdf/2003_TOTALGRP_PRD.pdf
z70\clipim\2003\08\26\2003_TOTALGRP_PRD.pdf
2003_WASHINGTON.pdf
z70\doc\web\2003\08\satrace.wk1
Average combined verbal and math scores for incoming college freshman
1993 2002 20031 yr 10 yr
Asian-Am 1042 1070 1083 13 41
White 1037 1060 1063 3 26
AmIndian 953 962 962 0 9
MexAmerican 910 903 905 2 -5
AfriAmerican 850 857 857 0 7
Males 1030 1041 1049 8 19
Females 981 1002 1006 4 25
All 1003 1020 1026 6 23
Gap vs White
Asian-Am 5 10 20 10 15
White 0 0 0 0 0
AmIndian -84 -98 -101 -3 -17
MexAmerican -127 -157 -158 -1 -31
AfriAmerican -187 -203 -206 -3 -19
Males 0 0 0 0 0
Females -49 -39 -43 -4 6
All -34 -40 -37 3 -3
Wall Street Journal chart Aug 27, 2003 p. D2
"SAT Scores Are Highest Since 1974"
Std Dev = 102 math, 102 verbal
Blacks are down by about 1SD in both scores.
Asian Females score above white males in math
SAT Math
Asian M 592
Asian F 560
White M 552
White F 518
\doc\college\sat\sat89.wk1
Figures from college board 1989
SAT Distribution 1989
Percent
Math All White Black Asian Hisp Mex Latino PR Mex
Top 68.7% 0.5% 20.8% 1.4% 0.3% 0.7% 0.1% 0.5%
500-540 76.5% 4.6% 2.6% 4.3% 1.4% 1.6% 0.7% 2.0%
Bot 35.2% 3.1% 3.9% 10.1% 2.3% 3.6% 3.4% 3.0%
Verb All White Black Asian Hisp Mex Latino PR Mex
Top 75.3% 0.5% 12.6% 0.8% 0.2% 0.6% 0.1% 0.1%
500-540 9.4% 9.6% 5.1% 3.3% 0.9% 1.4% 0.5% 1.4%
Bot 13.9% 9.7% 16.9% 10.7% 1.8% 3.9% 3.0% 3.7%
Both All
Top 69.2% 0.5% 20.1% 1.3% 0.3% 0.7% 0.1% 0.5%
500-540 45.0% 6.9% 3.8% 3.8% 1.1% 1.5% 0.6% 1.7%
Bot 17.7% 8.5% 14.6% 10.6% 1.9% 3.9% 3.1% 3.6%
White Black Asian Hisp NA Latino PR Mex
US Population 72.0% 14.0% 3.0% 12.0% 0.8%
Comb Relative 96.2% 3.6% 670.8% 10.9% 35.3%
62.5% 49.6% 126.1% 31.8% 143.1%
24.5% 61.0% 486.3% 88.0% 241.1%
White Index: W1.00 B-2.54 H-3.52 A-20.2
-> Asians are 6.7 times at the top, but 4.9 times at the bottom, they are
about equal to population at the middle.
-> Blacks are 0.036 times their population at the top, half at the
middle, but 2.5 times compared to white share at the bottom.
-> Whites are only 1/4 their population at lowest SAT scores.
Registered 75.0% 10.0% 7.0% 6.0% 2.0% 2.0% 1.0% 3.0%
Population 104.2% 71.4% 233.3% 50.0% 250.0%
Parents college 0.55 0.55 0.33 0.58 0.23
--->!! Asians twice as likely to have college parents
--->!! Asians going to college have same college parent rate as whites!
@@race
zip36\clip\99\17\ethgap.txt Los Angeles Times Wednesday, September 1,
1999 Ethnic Gap Widens in SAT College Exam Scores Education: Results
raise alarms that schools are failing to prepare nonwhites. The good
news is that more minorities are taking the entrance tests. By MARTHA
GROVES, RICHARD COOPER, Times Staff Writers
ASIAN SAT VERBAL GAP DOWN BY 30%
http://www.collegeboard.org/press/senior99/html/satt4.html
zip36\clip\99\17\satt4.htm,wk1
Asian verbal up 15 vs. 4 white, math up 15 vs 13 white
Verbal gap 1989=40 1999=28
Asian overall 1058 vs white 1055
\clip\98\11\satgap.txt
http://www.chronicle.com/daily/98/09/98090202n.htm
Chronicle of Higher Education, September 2, 1998
SAT Scoring Gap Widens Along Gender, Geographic, and Racial Lines
(ranked by math)
Verbal Math
Asian American 498 562
White 526 528
American Indian 480 483
Other Hispanic and Latino 461 466
Mexican American 453 460
Puerto Rican 452 447
Black 434 426
Average SAT scores of
college-bound seniors, by race/ethnicity: 1976-95
original: http://www.ed.gov/NCES/pubs/ce/c9622d02.html
--------------------------------------------
ASIANS AND MEN SCORE BEST ON SAT, BLACKS WORST.
\doc\web\98\03\sat96.wk1
National Average Scores on the SAT
by Sex, Racial and Ethnic Group, 1996
Source: The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1997
Ranked by Combined score
Verbal Math Combined
Asian 496 558 1054
White 526 523 1049
Male 507 527 1034
All 505 508 1013
Female 503 492 995
Mexican 455 459 914
Black 434 422 856
\doc\web\97\06\satrk.wk1
1995 SAT Scores by Ethncity, Ranked and Compared
Analysis by Arthur Hu
Verbal Scores Index Math Score Index
White 448 1.00 Asian 538 1.08
Asian 418 -1.07 White 498 1.00
NativeAm 403 -1.11 NativeAm 447 -1.11
Other Hi 389 -1.15 Other Hi 438 -1.14
Mexican 376 -1.19 Mexican 426 -1.17
Puerto Rican 372 -1.20 Puerto Rican 411 -1.21
Black 356 -1.26 Black 388 -1.28
Asians and Whites trade ranks for verbal and math, otherwise, then
come Native Americans just under Whites, other Hispanics, many Cuban,
Mexicans, Puerto Ricans just slightly under Mexicans, and Blacks get
the worst test averages.
Source: College Board
--------------------------------------------------
\doc\95\12\sat95bk.wk1
1995 Scholastic Aptitude Test Breakdown by Ethnicity
Data from the College Board
Data Entry and Analysis by Arthur Hu
White Black Hisp Asian
Language p. 6 pct verb math pct verb math pct verb math pct verb
math
Overall SAT 448 498 356 388 376 426 418
538
Combined 946 744 802 956
White gap 0 0 -92 -110 -72 -72 -30
40
As a ratio W1.00 B-1.27 H-1.18 A1.01
@@Rate
\doc\94\18\priv\calfsat.txt CALIFORNIA'S SAT SCORES DIP SLIGHTLY
8/25/94 SJM
A higher percentage of Asian-Americans and blacks took the SAT in 1994
than did whites. Nearly 59 percent of Asian-American students took the
test, followed by 40 percent of blacks, 38 percent of whites, and 25
percent of Hispanics.
@@percentile
\doc\96\04\satpct.wk1
1995 SAT Percentile Chart
(before recentering for 1996)
National - All Races
Percentile
Verb Math
Pct Pct Comb Comb % Comb pc
750-800 100.0% 100.0% 17,261 0.8% 100.0% 1500
700 -740 99.9% 98.5% 55,846 2.6% 99.2% 1400
650 -690 98.8% 94.4% 98,744 4.6% 96.6% 1300
600 -640 96.3% 87.6% 146,022 6.8% 92.0% 1200
550 -590 91.7% 78.5% 190,070 8.9% 85.1% 1100
500 -540 84.0% 68.4% 249,136 11.7% 76.2% 1000
450-490 73.5% 55.6% 305,443 14.3% 64.6% 900
400-440 58.2% 42.3% 341,427 16.0% 50.3% 800
350 -390 40.2% 28.4% 300,146 14.1% 34.3% 700
300 -340 24.4% 16.0% 244,438 11.4% 20.2% 600
250 -290 12.0% 5.5% 125,335 5.9% 8.8% 500
200-240 4.8% 1.1% 62,118 2.9% 2.9% 400
@@perfect 1600
http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/about/news_info/cbsenior/y
r2003/pdf/2003CBSVM.pdf
944 students got a 1600 in 2003 out of 1406234 total test takers.
1 out of 1489 test takers got a 1600.
La Griffe du Lion: In the year just before the SAT was recentered, 32
students nationwide scored 1600 on the combined math and verbal exams.
The following year, after recentering, 545 students scored 1600. In
those days a bit more than 1 million took SAT I. Compression made it
possible for very selective schools to admit high scoring minorities
who had suddenly become indistinguishable from higher scoring
non-minorities.
http://www.arthurhu.com/index/test.htm# satprediction
@@Prediction
Myth: Grades alone are a better predictor than SAT scores.
Fact: College board study shows SAT alone to be the better
predictor.
Source: college board
http://www.collegeboard.org/sat/html/admissions/stat003.html
"For Admission Staff: Understanding SAT Program Scores"
Recentered SAT I Scores As a Predictor of College Grades
Mean Correlations with Course Grades:
Total Male Female
OriginalRecentered Original Recentered OriginalRecentered
Scale Scale Scale Scale Scale Scale
SAT Verbal .42 .43 .40 .40 .45 .46
SAT Math .46 .46 .44 .44 .48 .49
SAT Total .50 .51 .49 .49 .53 .54
High School GPA .48 .48 .47 .47 .49 .49
SAT plus High
School GPA .59 .59 .57 .58 .61 .62
SAT Increment .10 .11 .11 .11 .12 .13
The new scale has a .51 correlation to course grades, higher than
.48 for grades alone, .49 vs. .47 for men, and an even bigger spread,
.54 vs .49 for women. Studies show that grades alone have less
predictive ability for minority students. The new scales are slightly
better than the old ones with respect to predictive ability.
The college board says to use these validity coefficients to compare
the ability of SAT scores on the original and recentered scales to
predict students' performance in college. The higher the coefficient
(i.e. closer to +1.00) the better the test as a predictor.
Data are from studies conducted on the traditional SAT at 45 colleges
and universities.
@@profile
Students who take the SAT I represent more than 90 percent of new
students who will enter four-year colleges this fall.
overall
http://www.collegeboard.org/press/html/960822a.html
details
http://www.collegeboard.org/press/html/960822b.html
http://www.collegeboard.com/sss/rsc/s/studentprofile2002_2003_partial_28660.xls
z78\clip\2004\05\studentprofile2002_2003_partial_28660
College Bound Seniors by State 2003 / National
http://www.collegeboard.com/about/news_info/cbsenior/yr2003/html/2003reports.html
washington f:\clip\2004\05\2003_WASHINGTON.pdf
W75 A12 B4 Mex3 Lat1 Other 4
CALIFORNIA.pdf
W40 B7 Mex16 Lat5 A23 Other 5 None
Out of 131,133 46,867 were no response
vs. 52,573 white, 29,567 Asian
\clip\96\03\sat96.htm Student profiles
1996 W69% B11% H8% A7.6% N1% O3%
1987 W78% B 9% H5% A6.6% N1% O1%
@@religion
see religion, college
c:\doc\95\07\relig90.wk1
SAT-Comb 95/90* W1.0 B-1.27 H-1.18 A1.01 J*1.10 I*1.10 *
Note that Asians overall scored only slightly better than whites
overall when both math and verbals are counted. Asians were outscored
by Episcopals, Presbyterians, Black Unitarians, Jews and Hindus. Only
White Unitarians and Quakers outscored Jews.
@@Sample
Sample test info
"10 Real SATs" comes from the College Entrance Examination Board (The
College Board to most). Most bookstores can order it or you can call
direct to College Board Publications, Two College Way, Forrester Center, WV
25438-4100, phone 800-323-7155. ISBN 0-87477-567-8. $17.95.
@@SCORES
------------------------------------------------------------
\doc\96\03\sat95.xls
Big multi-sheet of SAT by race
\priv\96\14\sat95.met - Care scan of main pages and state
------------------------------------------------------------
%%Year 2008
http://professionals.collegeboard.com/data-reports-research/sat/cb-seniors-2008
College-Bound Seniors 2008
SAT national and state reports provide broad context of student performance
Total Group Report: College-Bound Seniors 2008
Asians generall lead in math, lag in verbal, but combined scores
matched whites by 1990s.
Now 3 scores, 1610, 27 more than 1583 for whites Blacks 1280, down by
303 - asians overall 1/10 as far ahead as blacks behind
Asians 11% vs blacks 12% of test takers, Asians about 2X pop, blacks
at parity
Asians 581 math, whites 537 (+44), black 426 (-111) Asians 1/3 ahead
as blacks behind
Male 533 vs female 500 (+33)
Asian female 567M vs white male 555M (+12)
asians behind in critical reding 15 pts
Writing test is a big win for Asians -
only 2 down overall. white female 526, but asian female 523, higher than
white or white men
favors females 501 to 488 (+13)
How big is the math gap in income?
Asians go up $70-$100,000 from $60-$80,000 to $160-$200,000 or $0 to $70,000
Blacks go down $200,000 from over $200,000 down to bottom $0-$20,000
Asian math same as A average grade
White math same as below A-
Black math same as C
Asian / white math same as between pre-calculus + calculus taken
black algebra 1
Social science course work highest for European history (543) and
ancient history (524), mostly dead white guys
Scores go up with languages, 574 for over 4 years vs. 443 for 1/2
year or less
Highest math scores are for Chinese 600, Korean 587, Japanese and Latin 556
and Hebrew 552
Studnets who took extra subject tests in language, Latin 671, Chinese
668, Korean 659, Japanese 652, Spanish 555.
Asian parents put their kids through music - over 4 years 537 vs 512 for
1/2 year or less. +25
Computers none-510, 527 (+17) spreadsheet or database, 521 computer
programming
By intended college major, Math (609), Science (586). Low agriculture
(481), construction 460, public administration social services 452,
security protective services 458. 515 is average. Area, Ethnic
Cultural and Gender studies at 521 is just above average
Sorted by SAT math score
total notes
asian male 596
asian total 581
asian female 567 asian female > white male
white male 555
white total 537
Other male 533 other race male also high
total male 533
white female 521 34 behind white men
total total 515
Other total 512
amind male 509 amind male
no resp male 503
total female 500
Other female 496
no resp total 492
amind total 491
mexican male 482 Mexican, other hisp
otherHi male 482
no resp female 482
amind female 475
pr male 470
mexican total 463
otherHi total 461
pr total 453
mexican female 448
otherHi female 445
pr female 440
black male 434 lower than all other minorities
black total 426
black female 420
Asians have highest math SD = 124, vs 116 total, 103 white 98 black
Press release
http://www.collegeboard.com/press/releases/197846.html
Females have narrowed the performance gap with males in critical
reading, closing the gap to 4 points, compared with 7 points a decade
ago, and females continue to outperform males on the writing section —
by 13 points this year.
Growth among Asian Americans (population) and African Americans (real
improvement, mostly GW Bush years) reached 61 percent and 52 percent,
respectively.
Of all three sections of the SAT, the writing section is the most
predictive of students’ freshman year college performance for all
students, demonstrating
Female students made up 57 percent of Hispanic and 57 percent of
African American SAT takers in 2008. More than half of the Asian
American (51 percent) and white test-takers (53 percent) were women.
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/31/education/31sat.html SAT Math Scores
at Record High, but Those on the Verbal Exam Are Stagnant By KAREN W.
ARENSON Published: August 31, 2005 The score on the math test was 520,
of a possible 800, up two points from the previous year. The verbal
score was 508, the same as in the previous year. This score is the
highest on the verbal test since 1986 but far below the record of 543
in 1967,
1995 2005
Math 506 508 511 512 511 514 519 516 519 518 520 +14
Verbal 504 505 505 505 505 505 506 504 507 508 508 +4
increase in the number of students who take challenging courses like
pre-calculus, calculus and physics. They said 48 percent of the
students who took the test had studied pre-calculus, up from 37
percent a decade earlier. The proportion who had studied calculus rose
to 27 percent from 22 percent over the same period, while those who
had studied physics jumped to 51 percent from 46.
flat verbal scores reflected a lack of agreement about what should be
taught.
critics fairtest: show that college readiness skills, as measured by
these indicators, have not improved significantly."
62 percent of the Asian-American students had taken pre-calculus,
compared with only 32 percent of African-Americans and 34 percent of
Puerto Ricans.
Students from families with incomes of $10,000 to $20,000, for
example, earned an average verbal score of 443 and an average math
score of 463. Students from families with incomes above $100,000
scored more than 100 points higher: their average verbal score was
554, and their average math score 565.
Students were more likely to have taken demanding courses like
pre-calculus if their parents were college graduates or earned high
incomes
Asian-Americans the stars in SAT math
Gale Holland
Tuesday, September 02, 2008
http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=16&art_id=71045&sid=20421134&con_type=1&d_str=&fc=4
Hong Kong The Standard
Asian-American students topped the math scores, with an average of
564, compared with 549 for white students, 453 for Hispanic students
and 429 for black students, from among 1.5 million students who took
the Scholasic Aptitude Test admissions exam for 2008 in the United
States. ...Minority participation was 40 percent, up from 33 percent
10 years ago. But achievement gaps between students of different
ethnic backgrounds persisted.
\clip\2008\09\sat08.txt
Class of '08 Fails To Lift SAT Scores
Flat Results Fuel Debate Over Costly Test-Preparation Courses, Provide
Ammunition
For Critics of No-Child-Left-Behind Policy
By JOHN HECHINGER
August 27, 2008, Wall Street Journal
oAfrican-American and Hispanic students lagged behind the general
population. black scores declined, 72 pts below national avg.
oAsian-American students posted strong scores, especially in math.
"Asian-Americans continue to post stellar results. On the math
section, the group achieved an average score of 581, 66 points better
than the average. Asian-Americans also outperformed in
critical-reading and writing, though by less. "
"Some students have said that college-admissions offices have placed
unofficial quotas on the number of spots allowed for Asian-American
students. Using the group's superior SAT scores as evidence, these
critics argue that Asian-Americans are held to a higher admissions
standard at top colleges. The U.S. Department of Education is
investigating such an allegation at Princeton University. The school
denies any discrimination and says test scores are only part of its
admissions criteria. "
Among Asian-American families "there's a strong understanding that
test preparation is an important part of success," he says.
Asian-American students tend to take harder courses, such as
higher-level math and those given to prepare for Advanced Placement exams.
"The country really needs to focus on this simple and honest truth -- by
doing hard work in schools, that's how you get a better education," he
says. "That's how you get better SAT scores."
2008: SAT Scores Flat as Test-Taking Edges Upward
http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2008/09/03/02sat.h28.html?tmp=219949777
** Asians post gains in math and writing **
ASIANS GAIN MATH AND WRITING, MEN STILL AHEAD IN MATH
White students and those identified as “Asians, Asian-Americans, or
Pacific Islanders” posted the only gains on the math section; all
other groups showed point losses in the low single digits. And on the
writing section, only students in the Asian/Pacific Islander category
improved on last year’s crop of scores.
the mean math score on the SAT for men among this year’s graduating
class was 533 out of a possible 800 points, 33 points higher than the
mean score for women. That’s the smallest difference in years, but
still substantial.
\DOC\94\14\SAT95.WK1 - SAT scores and improvement
------------------------------------------------------------
\priv\95\01\confwork.doc
The national norm for math on the Scholastic Aptitude Test is 467 out
of a possible 800. In 1981, Asian Americans averaged 513. In
California a remarkable 68% of Japanese-born students scored over 600.
as did 66% of students born in Korea. (comment vs. 35.6% of all US
Asians, 28021 out of 78,693, so foreign born Korean or Japanese are
twice as good as average, probably comparable to Chinese)
"Asian-born students head for the head of the class"
By Ellie McGrath Time March 28, 1993 p 52
doc\college\sat\sat.wk1 1983
distribution
doc\college\sat\sat88.wk1 distributions by race 1983, 1988
*doc93a\sat93us.xlw - SAT distributions 1993 NEEDS WORK!
*doc\94\8\sat93us.xlw - look at sheet
doc\95\01\sat93us.xlw
1993 SAT math scores Ranked by Race and Gender (unpublished
special tabulations, College Board)
559 Asian male
518 White male
512 Asian female (only 6 points below WM)
472 White female
451 Hispanic male
408 Hispanic female
400 Black male
Patti Hausman: the average difference between Asian males and Asian
females (47 points) is essentially identical to the average
difference (46 points) between white males and white females.
[despite cultural differences and social conditioning, this is a very
precise difference]
\doc\95\01\SATIQ.WK1
SAT as white percentile, and IQ
distribution Analysis By Arthur Hu.
The SAT test appears to be about as difficult as IQ tests with a
similar 1 standard deviation spread
Elementary and high school NAEP test are much closer in performance,
at a 35-40th percentile level
Differences in races is dependent on how difficult the test is.
Simple tests where everybody passes will be much closer than those
that flunk most who take the test.
1993 SAT Math Scores by Percentage, Percentile and IQ
vs. White = 50 percentile, 100 IQ
SCORES NATIONA WHITE BLACK MEXICAN ASIAN NATIVE PUERTO
MEAN 478 494 388 428 535 447 409
Percentile 50 15 28 65
IQ Scale 100 85 92 106
Note Chinese / Japanese / Korean IQ would be 112
due to overrepresentation at MIT and Berkeley
At each range, the race composition of students in the range
SCORES NATIONA WHITE BLACK MEXICAN ASIAN NATIVE PUERTO
TOTAL 100.0% 64.2% 9.9% 3.1% 7.5% 0.7% 1.2%
750-800 100.0% 60.0% 0.6% 0.6% 25.3% 0.3% 0.2%
700-740 100.0% 65.9% 1.0% 0.8% 18.7% 0.3% 0.3%
650-690 100.0% 70.3% 1.8% 1.2% 13.7% 0.4% 0.3%
600-640 100.0% 72.9% 2.6% 1.5% 10.6% 0.5% 0.5%
550-590 100.0% 73.5% 3.6% 2.0% 8.5% 0.6% 0.6%
500-540 100.0% 72.2% 5.3% 2.6% 7.1% 0.7% 0.9%
450-490 100.0% 68.8% 8.0% 3.2% 6.1% 0.8% 1.1%
400-440 100.0% 64.3% 11.2% 3.8% 5.5% 0.8% 1.4%
350-390 100.0% 58.0% 15.6% 4.5% 4.7% 0.9% 1.7%
300-340 100.0% 49.0% 21.3% 4.9% 4.5% 0.9% 2.2%
250-290 100.0% 40.1% 27.0% 4.6% 4.3% 0.9% 2.7%
200-240 100.0% 31.6% 30.5% 5.1% 4.7% 1.0% 3.2%
Asians are 25% of top math scores overall
Blacks are 31% of bottom math scores, 0.6% of top
SAT Scores Vs. US Population
\doc\web\98\02\satrate.wk1
Analysis By Arthur Hu 1/19/98
Index: W1.00 B-21.77 H-7.84 A8.54 N-2.90
1993 High Math SAT Scores Compared to 18 yr old Population
SCORES WHITE BLACK ASIAN NATIVE Mexican Puerto
TOTAL 64.20% 9.90% 7.50% 0.70% 3.10% 1.20%
750-800 60.00% 0.60% 25.30% 0.30% 0.60% 0.20%
Pop 68.90% 15.00% 3.40% 1.00% 5.40% 1.10%
Rate 0.871 0.040 7.441 0.300 0.111 0.182
Index 1.00 -21.77 8.54 -2.90 -7.84 -4.79
doc\94\5\priv\college.txt US News survey SAT ranges
doc938\satrac93.xls US 93 test averages
@@ses
Patricia Hausman"
from Jensen's Straight Talk about Mental Tests (page 148).
"Studies of the SAT's predictive validity for college students
from different socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds show no
indication of bias disfavoring (i.e. underestimating) applicants
of lower SES. The SAT does not consistently under- or over-
estimate college grades of students from a wide range of SES . . .
The tests can 'read through' the veneer of social class background
to identify academic talent more objectively and accurately than
teachers' marks of interviews by college admissions officers."
@@Standard Deviation
ASIAN AMERICANS HAVE THE LARGEST SAT STANDARD DEVIATION
\doc\96\03\sat95.xls
1995:
Group Verbal Math
Male Female Male Female
Asian 127 127 134 133
White 107 104 122 115
Mexican 102 97 115 100
Black 97 97 108 96
Asians have higher average math and combined SAT scores, but they
also have a larger standard deviation on both math and verbal, which
reflects poor verbal performance and low education of low-income
Asian immigrants combined with high performing educated immigrants.
Mexican and Black std devs are simply lower since they don't have a
high performing population to balance out the white curve.
Analysis by Arthur Hu
@@state scores
It is misleading to compare states by SAT since states with low SAT
taking rates will be dominated by high scoring students.
\doc\96\06\satstate.txt 1996 test scores by state
\doc\96\03\satstate.wk1
Comparing of States based on SAT scores alone is discouraged
the college board (but if you insist, these are the numbers)
States with highest averages have very low % of test takers
indicating only the best students are taking test, not that
the average student is better.
Nationally, only 41% of graduates take the SAT.
Source: College Board 1995
Top 10 states with low rates of testing
1995 Grads
State VerbMathComb %TakeRank
North Dakota 515 592 1107 5% 1
lowa 516 583 1099 5% 2
Minnesota 506 579 1085 9% 3
Utah 513 563 1076 4% 4
Wisconsin 501 572 1073 9% 5
South Dakota 505 563 1068 5% 6
Kansas 503 557 1060 9% 7
Nebraska 494 556 1050 9% 8
Illinois 488 560 1048 13% 9
Missouri 495 550 1045 9% 10
Ranking of states over 40% taking SAT
(This actually isn't a bad comparison)
1995 Grads
State VerbMathComb %TakeRank
Oregon 448 499 947 51% 1
Washington 443 494 937 48% 2
New Hampshire 444 491 935 70% 3
Alaska 445 489 934 47% 4
Delaware 429 488 917 88% 5
National 428 482 910 41% 6
Maryland 430 479 909 64% 7
Connecticut 431 477 908 81% 8
Massachusetts 430 477 907 80% 9
California 417 485 902 45% 10
Vermont 429 472 901 68% 11
=============== median ========================
New Jersey 420 478 898 70% 12
Maine 427 469 896 68% 13
Virginia 428 468 896 65% 14
Texas 419 474 893 47% 15
New York 419 473 892 74% 16
Hawaii 407 482 889 57% 17
Florida 420 469 889 48% 18
Rhode Island 425 463 888 70% 19
Indiana 415 467 882 58% 20
Pennsylvania 419 461 880 70% 21
North Carolina 411 454 865 60% 22
D.C. 412 445 857 53% 23
Georgia 406 448 854 65% 24
South Carolina 401 443 844 58% 25
\clip\97\19\satstate.txt CNN 08/27/97- Updated 03:46 PM ET 1997 SAT
scores by state
WASHINGTON STATE
"SAT math scores climb, verbals level off" Seattle Times Aug 26, 1997
Ranked by math score
------------------------
Asian 496V 560M 1056C
All 523V 523M 1046C
Men 507V 530M 1037C
White 526V 526M 1052C
Women 503V 494M 997C
AfrAm 434V 423M 857C
Asians best in math, combined, 2nd best in verbals. Men lag women in
verbals by 4 points.
@@Striver
zip37\clip\99\17\strive2.txt 9 Sep 1999 New Republic THE END OF
MERITOCRACY Should the SAT Account for Race? [Strivers] Opposing
opinions by Nathan Glazer and Abigail Thernstrom
WEIGHTING SAT SCORE BY SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE
http://interactive.wsj.com/archive/retrieve.cgi?id=SB936061265207782969.djm
zip36\clip\99\17\striver.txt New Weights Can Alter SAT Scores As
Family Factors Determine 'Strivers' By AMY DOCKSER MARCUS Staff
Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL ""A combined score of 1000 on the
SATs is not always a 1000," Mr. Carnevale says. "When you look at a
Striver who gets a 1000, you're looking at someone who really
performs at a 1200. This is a way of measuring not just where
students are, but how far they've come." "
CHAVEZ KNOCKS "STRIVERS" SAT HANDICAP POINTS
http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/chavez1.asp
zip37\clip\99\17\chstrive.txt Jewish World Review Sept. 9, 1999 /28
Elul, 5759 Linda Chavez Scoring the SATs --- the givers, not takers
@@Time
Some students get extended time
z41\clip\2000\05\sattimet.txt From the Washinton Post Metro Section,
B1, Monday , May 8, 2000 Parents’ Push Gives Students More Sat Time
By Jay Mathews, Washington Post Staff Writer URL:
http://washingtonpost.com/cgi-bin/gx.cgi/AppLogic+FTContentServer?pagename
=w pni/print&articleid=A23620-2000May7
@@Writing
EVEN THE SAT HAS SWITCHED TO HOLISTIC
ESSAY QUESTIONS My understanding of the TSWE (Test of Standard
Written English) is that it has been replaced by the SAT II Writing
Test This SAT II subject test (formerly called Achievement Test) is a
one hour test that requires students to write a simple essay in 20
minutes on a topic that is given, and then work for 40 min. on a
multiple choice grammar test: correct usage, errors, sentance
structure, etc.