The most popular alternative in 20th century America is the Biblical account given in its entirety on the first page of the Bible, usually in conjunction with the story of Noah and the great flood Though the Bible doesn't have much to say on the topic, Chrisians, mostly fundamentalists, have created volumes of arguments that the literal interpretation, that the earth was created in 7 days 6,000 years ago, and that all men, women, and creatures are descendents of those on the ark, is true. It is widely believed that there is no evidence to support any belief in evolution, a planet or universe more than 6,000 years old.
My view is that the Bible was written by people who wrote what they knew. The Genesis version of the creation and the flood appear to be variations on the Sumerian and Babylonian legends of the city where Abraham's family lived. It's not likely that if God told Abraham about the Big Bang, radioactive decay, or the process of mutation and natural selection it would have been written down. There is no reason to believe that the accuracy of the rest of the bible which is based on actual witnesses is made invalid because the first page was based on what was widely believed at the times.
Philosophically, I have less problem with people who simply taking it on faith the world was created in 6 days 6000 years gao than people who attempt to misuse science discredit science. It seems to come down to whether you have the "faith" to accept that light travels and materials decay at a constant rate, and that materials take millions of years to deposit layers of strata, or discard whatever evidence it takes to uphold an interpretation of scripture.
You can't reject just Darwinism, you have to reject the entire science of geology, the notion of radioactive dating, dating by strata, dating meteor strikes, the rise and fall of dinosaurs, the appearance of life chemicals 3 billion years ago and progression / evolution of life forms whether by mutation or continuous creation, most of astronomy, and anything else science has to say about anything that happened more than 6,000 years ago, which is a lot. You even have to reject fairly simple concepts such as counting tree rings, ice cores, or layers of algae at a bottom of a lake which all result in dates from 20-40,000 years without resort to "unreliable" dating methods. As far as education policy goes, it is immoral to require compulsory attendence to learn what is contrary to one's religious beliefs, whether or not somebody like me think they can prove evolution is science or creation science is not. Even debating the topic can be disrepectful of another's religion. I don't smoke, I don't own guns, and I don't believe in scientific creationism, but I defend the right of Americans to exercise their rights and conscience even if it is different than mine.
also see
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_life
http://www.arthurhu.com/index/evol.htm
Evolution time line time before present
----------------------------------------------------
NO OBSERVABLE EVIDENCE OF ANYTHING BEFORE THIS TIME!
-----------------------------------------------------
IN THE BEGINNING
THE BIG BANG
10^-34 sec universe 10^-33 cm in size, 10 ^32 deg
10^-5 formation of protons and neutrons from quarks
1 sec electrons
3 min helium nuclei
300,000 yr helium hydrogen atoms, visible light
10M first galaxies
400M Red infant galaxy in Hubble ultra deep field aweek 3/15/2004 p. 20
1 million sec exposure
750M Abell 2218 lensed object 25x bright by red shift awk 2/23/2004
1B first stars, quasars galaxies
1B Hubble Deep Field
time from beginning of time
-----------------------------------------------------
time before present
12-16B big bang creation - hubble constant, red shift
16B age of milky way galaxy britannica.com
15B farthest Quasars observable from ground
15B farthest observed galaxy - Hubble red shift
14B 2001 estimate of age of universe
13.5B Gravitational lensing at forming galaxy
12B Farthest cluster of galaxies
13B Oldest stars in Milky Way
7B Oldest observable galaxies from ground
5B? Supernova blows, forming solar system
4.5B Nuclear fires of sun ignited
4.5B+10K Earth begins forming
4.5B Rock from mars - radio date
4.5B+10M Earth reached 64% of present size [5]
4.5B+30M Earth struck by mars-sized object [5]
4.5B+50M Original age of earth from crust rock [5]
4.6B Meteorite with amino acids
4.6B Earth, meteors, solar system and sun - radio, star model
4.4B Moon crust - radio date
4.3B Earth forms layers atmosphere
4.0B Bombardment by planetesimals stops
4-2.5 Archaen Eon Prokaryotes (no nucleus) 1 cell organisms
3.9B Mars rock with bacteria-like magnetite
3.9B 15 hour day, moon 4x apparent size, sun 75% bright
3.8B Earth crust solidifies, oceans form
3.8B Fe3O4 Magnetite ferrous Banded Iron
formations begin to be formed by bacteria.
3.8B Oldest US rocks - radiodate Rhodesian-Kaapvaal craton
3.5B Fossilized prokaryotes
3.5B First bacteria fossils - radiodate/strata
3.5B Stromatolites, limestone with algae
3.5B Photosynthesis
2.5B 5 continents NAm, Europe, Siberia, China, Gondwanaland
2.5-.57 Proterozoic Eon Eukaryotes with cell nucleus and membrane
2.4B Rise in oxygen stop uraninites, starts iron
2.2B Earth is iceball down to 11 deg of equator
1.7B Bottom of Grand Canyon laid down
1.5B Multicellular organisms
1.4B Shungite coal from algae laid down
1B Youngest stars in Milky Way
1B Pikes peak rock (radiodate)
640M Large soft organisms - radio, strata
600M Glacial age
570-500M Cambrian Period
570M Trilobite fossils
544M Phanerozoic / Paleozoic Era - visible life
540M Cambrian - explosion of hard body animals,
520M Pikaia worm with stiff back cord
500-435 Ordovican Period primitive land life
500 Vertebrates - fish
470 Oaklahoma bromide trilobites
470 Jawless fish, no front fin Pteraspis
440 1st great extinction
435 Silurian Period 1st plants and insects on land
435 Ice age
430 Coated algae live on land
420 Water scorpion
420 Millipedes 1st land animals
410M Silurian - jawed fish
408 Spore bearing plants
400M Flying insects burke museum
400M All major fish groups burke scary fishes
380 Cherirolepis oldest ray fin in lake burke
375 Lungfish with lungs, lobe fins burke
fin structure similar to modern human
375 Eastmanosteus jawed fish burke
375 Bothriolepis first common freshwater fish burke
375 Appalacian mountains
375 Sharks
375 Fern trees proto vonifers burke
370 2nd great extinction
410-360 end devonian, low oxygen inoceans killing most fish burke
360 Land animals with limbs appear
360 Early armoured fish no jaw extinct burke
350 Amphibians
350 Ferns - rooted plants
310 Reptiles live out of water
300M Longest ice age
300M Winged insects
2-300M Pangea, dinosaurs emerged
286M Conifers appear
255M Permian greatest extinction of all time
Trilobites died
85% of plants animals die
Ray fin fishes survive
250M Top layer of Grand canyon
245M Mesozoic Era
230M Roaches Termites
228M Euroaptor 1st dinosaur
225M Modern ferns Bees
210M Early mammals
200M Pangea breaks apart
200M Rock dating limit, dating gap
200M Crocodiles, Mammals
163M Dinos, Ammonoids peak
150M Ice age cycle time
145M Archaepteryx first bird
140M Apto(bronto)sauus
140M Stegosaurus
136M Kangaroos
130M Flowering plants
120M Snakes
100M Cranes
100M Fossil sturgeon
100M N cascades meets n america burke
95M Ammonite pre nautilus
70M Tyranasaurus
6-70M Rocky Mountains form
65M Yucatan meteor strike
65M Cenozoic era - modern life, continents
65M Great dinosaur extinction
End of marine reptiles, ammonites
60M Rats Mice Squirrels
56M Carnivora - leads to cats, dogs
45-50 freshwater herring Knightia most common fish fossil
40M Cascades erupt in NW N.America
40M Earliest link to primates
37M Cats appear
35M Grand Canyon river is on plain
28M Koalas
20M Chimpanzee Hominids
20M Start to cut Grand Canyon
18M-6m E washington basalt lava
6M Columbia River Plateau
6M "Millenium Man" first hominid Kenya 2000
5.5M Australopithecus in Africa
5M-50K Neandertal found in Africa?
4.5-6M men diverge from apes (DNA)
4.4M Earliest manlike creatures
4.4M 1994 ethiopia human-like teeth
4.4M Ardipithecus ramidus apelike hominid
3.9-3M Australopithecus afarensis "Lucy", upright chimpanzee
3.8M Tanzania homonid footprints walking
3.2M 1970's Lucy skull
2.8M Leaky 1973 skull
2.7M Lucy splits into africanus, aethipicus, homo?
2.5M enters current ice age
2.5M stone tools Homo Habilis pre-human
2.5M Genus homo found
2.3M Andromeda Galaxy image
1.8M Olduvai gorge ash, early man, radio
1.8M Ice at poles, ice age starts
1.8M-50K Homo Erectus, hunts, builds fire
1.7M First Homo ergaster found out of Africa
1.6M Earliest evidence of homo erectus fire
1.5M Swartkrans S.A. cave oldest human controlled fire
1.5M Hand axe
1.5M Leakey finds Erectus, Habilis, Australopithecus @same time
1.5M Human exodus from Africa to Europe Asia (Last Neaderthal)
1M Homo erectus fire
750K Definitely controlled fire
700K Last reversal of magnetic poles
700k Ice ages begin
600k Zinjanthropus 1961
600k Nanjing Man 580-620 Homo Erectus
500K Java Man (epic of man)
500K Neanderthal and modern man diverge
400K Torralba animal kill site, live in huts, no language
400K Chellean man
400K Peking Man 4/5 modern brain size
350K Simple symbolic thought / art
300K Oldest ice core data
250K Fire widespread
240K Small Magellanic Cloud image
200K Polar Bears evolved ABC news
200K Transition Homo Erectus - HSapiens
200K Arrow heads, harpoons, bows arrows, skin scrapers for clothing
200K Africans split from other humans
200K Mitochondrial Eve (Last Neanderthal)
180K Neanderthal emerges
160K Vladivostock ice core
150K Eve, common mother to all modern humans [eve1]
130K "Pathfinder" found on way out of Africa
120K-0 Homo sapiens leave Africa
110K Euro/Mongoloid split from Africans
100K Potassium Argon dating to billions yr. Dating gap to 50k yrs.
100K Symbolic art blossoms
100K Light Diameter of Milky Way
100K Homo Sapiens reaches middle east
100K Last Homo Erectus "Java" man
50-100K Homo sapiens (Modern races of man)
80K Homo Sapiens leave Africa [mead]
80K Blombos middle stone age cave
75K Toba Eruption - ice age
75K Humans fall from 100,000 to 1,000 (BBC, diputed)
60K Mungo Man oldest DNA, looks, but not related to moderns
60K Australian aborigines - oldest living culture
traveled by boat. Sea Level 250 feet below present
55K Oldest rock painting Australia
10-50K Europeans from 4 mtDNA lines from South Asia
50K Limit of Carbon dating, dating gap to 100,000 years.
Any living thing with less C14 is older than 50K yrs.
50K Meteor Crater Arizona
50K Oldest rocks on Mt St. Helens
47K Neanderthal mammoth tooth carving
45K People bury their dead
45K Japan Lake algae C14 dating
41K NE Asians split from Caucasians
40K Hamster / Mouse dating method Middle East
40K Cro-Magnon Culture, less nomadic
40K Humans found siberia N China
40K NativeAm Asian gene clock diverge
40K Brazil charcoal
40K Limit of Greenland ice core layers
40K Human art, paintings
35K Rock paintings Tanzania THRace 14
35K First Mt St. Helens Eruptions
32K Ivory horse, oldest animal carving
30K Symbols in paintings (pre-writing)
29K Oldest C14 + Tree ring dating
28K Blades in China similar to Meadocroft
27K Last known Neandertal remains
27K Oldest woven cloth
25K Human pop 100,000
25K Brazil cave paintings
25k seas start to lower for bering bridge
25k bone needles
20-25k Genetic evidence of Bering Bridge crossing [mead]
20K Oldest dated tree Huon Pine Tasmania
20K Ice age warms towards present - 3
20k saber tooth cat la brea burke
16k Meadowcroft site in Pennsylvania similar to China [mead]
15k wolf domesticated in Asia
14k meadowcroft pa site dates
14k southmost glacier in Wa state
14k Montana ice dams flood E Wash
13K bering land bridge crossing (traditional)
12K SeaTac airport ground sloth burke
12K Mesolithic nomadic hunter gather (Stone Age)
12K Mongolians cross into N America
12K goats domesticated for milk
12K coral C14 calibration
11K Mastodons large mammals extinct
10K Oldest copper Turkey
10-12K Near east agriculture
10K Oldest sandals found in Oregon
10K Neolithic middle east revolution
10K End of last ice age - 3
10K Mesopotamia tokens for accounting
10K Complete tree ring history
10K oldest man site in US C14
10K cows domesticated
10K Neolithic - farming, domestication
10K TBT Human population 5 million
9,500 Jericho established ThumanRace p17
9,400 tree ring c14 calibration
9,400 Nevada mummy, oldest N.Am
9,300 Kennewick Man WA, non-Mongolian
9,000 evidence of dance
9,000 Mongolians wipe out SAm Australians
8,200 Copper tools
8,000 End cro-magnon
8,000 1st ag settlements Korea http://infoplease.lycos.com/ipa/A0107686.html
8,000 Cats, humans, mice on Cyprus domesticated from mild to wild
8,000 Pottery in Jerico THumanRace p17
7,500 Mount Mazama Crater Lake eruption ash layer
7,000 Irrigation
7,000 Copper mining Balkans
7,000 Rice in China, earliest settlements
7,000 Catal Huyuk S. Turkey Stone Age
7,000 Sumerian farming villages
7,000 Corn C. America
6,800 Earliest Egyptian/Badarian culture
6,500 Copper used
6,640 Crater Lake / Mazama explosion C14
6,200 Xia earliest Chinese civilization
6,000 Copper age Europe - 4,400
6,000 Oldest european plow
-----------------------------------------------------
-- time before 6,000 impossible- 6-day creationists
-----------------------------------------------------
6,000 Sumerians document constellations
6,004 Creation Archbishop Usher
Day 1: light
Day 2: water and sky
Day 3: dry land and plants and trees
Day 4: Sun, Moon, stars visible
Day 5: Water and sky creatures
Day 6: land animals, man
Day 7: rest
5,761 Creation according to Hebrew Calendar
5,743 Adam and Eve-2
5,700 Wheel invented probably Sumeria TBTimeline
5,500 Sumer accounts on clay tablets, 1st civilization
5,500 Cities rise on nile
5,500 Cities in Indus Valley
5,500 Farmers use cattle to pull carts in Europe
5,500 Babylon people first settle
5,400 TBT Major flood inundates city of Ur. 8ft layer of silt found
5,200-4,900 Sumerian flood myth
5,200 Sumerians build Towers (of Babel?)
5,200 Zurich oldest maple wheel
5,050 First Egyptian dynasties
5,000 100M world population
5,000 Sahara expands soil overgrazed
5,000 Assryians use block wheel from Mesopotamia
5,000 Athens first settled in Greece
5,000-6k Wheel invented
5,000 Alps Iceman died with copper axe
5,000 Indus
5,000 Copper, Bronze age
5,000-5,500 Horse bones with evidence of bit
5,000 Sumeria collapses
5,000 Neolithic farming in Europe
5,000 Early Indian civilization
5,000 rise of Hebrew, Semitic languages-1
4,900 Stonehenge I built - ditch posts
4,879 Mythological founding of Vietnam
4,700 silk dicovered in china
4,700 Gilgamesh, King of Uruk in Babylonia.
4,700 Pyramids of Giza
4,600 Indus Valley civilization
4,600 Chinese Calendar started
4,500 North China farming
4,500 Actual Crab Nebula explosion
4,500 Bronze age britain - carts, bridges, forts
4,400 oldest writing on papyrus
4,300 Choson culture in Korea http://infoplease.lycos.com/ipa/A0107686.html
-----------------------------------------------
4,285 TBT Flood comes
4,217 Noah's flood, one language, one race-2
hydrosphere contained water in sky
atmosphere had much more oxygen
oil created
entire planet covered by water to highest mtn
all strata laid down
all races, species micro-evolve
salt water oceans
salt water fish adapt in 1 year
grand canyon, niagra, mississippi delta forms
complete ice cap forms
------------------------------------------------
4,000 Books of old testament are written
4,000 Tower of babel, all languages created
4,000 Gilgamesh written onto tablets
4,000 Malays drive out aborigines from SE Asia
3,850 Abraham journeys to Canaan, the first Jew/Arab
3,700 Jews arrive in Egypt
3,700 Last Mastadons Wrengel Island Siberia
3,600 End of Stonehenge work
3,500 Shang dynasty earliest evidence of dyn
chinese writing developed
3,500 Phoenician alphabet
3,500 Book of Genesis written by Moses
3,400 Writing in China on bones
3,400-500 Moses
3,250 Moses leads Israel out of Egypt-1
Ten commandments
3,220-3,200 Joshua invades Canaan-1
3,200 Fall of Jericho-1
3,000 Iron age (THumanRace) Egypt
3,000 Evidence camels domesticated-1
3,000 Written Hebrew-1
3,000 Maya numbers heiroglyphs
2,800 Mesopotamians determined ecliptic
2,800 Greeks adopt phonenician alphabet, add vowels
2,600 Chaldeans exile jews, bible written?
2,500 Ezra assembles books of hebrew bible
2,500 King Nebuchadnezzar II Tower of Babel
2,200 Chinese script resembles 4K old Afghanistan script
2,200 Septuagint Greek translation of hebrew bible
2,000 0 AD Christianity
2,000 Water wheels to mill grain
1,750 250 Ptolemy uses epicycles to explain planet motion
1,430 570 Muhammed born
1,400 Punctuation / Reading invented
1,200 800 Vikings start raids
1,100 Iron produced
1,000 1054 Crab Nebula explodes
1325 Zenith of Ethiopian civilization
1492 Columbus sails to New World
1543 Copenicus dies, put sun at center
1610 Galileo telescope: Jupiter moons, phase of venus
1611 King James Bible
210 1788 Hutton sedimentary theory
1700s Herschel proposes disk like Milky Way
200 1800 Industrial Age
1800 Parallax used to measure star distance
1800 Earth dated at millions of years from fossil layers
150 Sumer creation tale translated
1856 Neanderthal man unearthed
141 1859 Darwin proposes evolution
1905 Rutherford theory radioactive dating
1912 Wegener: Continents as puzzle pieces
1912 V.M. Slipher: Andromeda radial velocity measured as extra galactic [4]
87 1913 Wright Bros Powered Aircraft
1915 Einstein General Relativity set up Big Bang
1918 Sun at edge, not center of Milky Way
1920 Milky Way is one of many galaxies
1923 Hubble uses cephid variable dist to andromeda [4]
1929 Hubble discovers red shift, expanding universe
70 1930 Computed date of Crab Nebula Explosion
1946 Gamow says big bang would result in excess microwave radiation
1947 Carbon Dating
1947 X-1 Supersonic flight
1950 Hoyle coins "Big Bang" term
50 1950 Mainframe computers
1952 Milky Way is determined to be spiral
1959 Soviets orbit Sputnik
1965 Penzias, Wilson discover big bang microwave radiation
1968 Global Plate Tectonics
31 1969 Apollo lands on moon, moon rocks dated
1969 First internet
1972 Discovery of 3.5mya hominid footprints
1974 Lucy found 3.5mya skeleton
1980 IBM PC
1987 UCBerkeley researchers announce 200K Eve
1987 Big bang radiation likely but not proven yet
5 1995 www web browsing
1998 Neanderthal DNA found different from moderns
0 2000 40% of US rejects evolution, big bang, geology, biology
NOW 2001 YOU ARE HERE
[1] The Gifts of the Jews
[2] See Sons of Adam dating below, from Abram's
leaving for Canaan in Gift of Jews
[3] Ice cores
[4] http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m031.html "M31" Students
for development and exploration of space
[5] Stein Jacobsen report in Science June 6, 2003
Billions of Years
bang 14 earth 5
v V
*************#
^life 2
^ multicell life 1
Hundreds of Millions of years
* 900
* 800
* 700 - large multicell animals
* 600 - Cambrian explosion
* 500 - Vertebrates
* 400 - Jawed Fish, Permian extinction
* 300 - Reptiles Amphibians
* 200 - Crocodiles, mammals
* 100 - Age of Dinosaurs, Mammals
Tens of Millions of Years
90 - Ammonites
80
70
60 - Dinosaurs die out
50
40
30 - Koalas
20 - Chimpanzee
10 - Age of Man
Millions of Years
9
8
7
6 Australopithecus in Africa
5
4
3 Lucy Afarensis
2 Ice age starts, Homo Erectus
1 Fire, Homo Sapiens
Hundreds of Thousands of Years
400 Peking, Java Man
200 Arrow Heads, bows arrows, tools
100 Homo Sapiens leaves Africa
Tens Thousands
80K Toba Eruption, near extinction of man
50K Boat painting australia
40K Cro Magnon
30K Ivory horse, last Neandertal
20K Bone needles
10K North American peoples, civilization
Most Striking Creationist Facts
Hovind says that they are just big reptiles, when the earth was young, reptiles don't stop growing, so they get really big.
%%Pterosaurs
Pterosaurs, flying reptiles first appeared at the start of the
Jurassic not too long after the dinosaurs 215 million years ago and
lasted 150 million years, dying out with the dinosaurs. "Lords of the
ancient skies: Pterosaurs" p. 87 National Geographic May 2001.
%%Tracks
Many creationists point to man tracks next to dinosaur tracks, but
this has been discredited.
mommy1995 one of the big things
evolutionist believe is that dinosaurs went extinct before man was
ever on earth. If this is true than why do they find man and
dinosaur bones together. I also have a picture that was taken in
Texas that shows a Mans footprint inside of a dinosaurs
footprint...This was found in a river bed that dried up and the
imprints were fossilized.
http://members.aol.com/paluxy2/paluxy.htm Glen J. Kuban's Last
Updated: 11 Nov. 1998 For many years claims were made by strict
creationists that human footprints or "giant man tracks" occur
alongside dinosaur tracks in the limestone beds of the Paluxy River,
near Glen Rose Texas. If true, such a finding would dramatically
contradict the conventional geologic timetable, which holds that
humans did not appear on earth until over 60 million years after the
dinosaurs became extinct. However, the "man track" claims have not
stood up to close scientific scrutiny, and have been abandoned even
by most creationists. My Paluxy work helped prompt many creationists
to largely abandon the "man track" claims.
@@Disease
MALARIA AFFECTS HUMAN EVOLUTION
z50\clip\2001\06\malaria.txt
http://unisci.com/stories/20012/0626011.htm The Archaeology And
Genetics Of Malaria Resistance Between 7,000 and 12,000 years ago, a
dramatic climate change increased temperature and humidity in Africa,
creating new lakes and pools of water.
@@Dog
Dogs have been artificially selected from wolves into yhe incredibly
variety we see today, starting as long as 100,000 years ago. Only
people have as much variety in one species, some say that variety in
culture, iq and appearance is similar to that found in dogs.
z76\clip\2004\02\dogev.txt
Man's best friend likely got start from wolf 100,000 years ago
Full story: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2001857959_snoopy14m.html
By Paul Recer Seattle Times 2/15/2003
The Associated Press
From Yorkshire terriers the size of a teacup to Irish wolfhounds near
the size of a small pony, all dogs originated from a single species,
probably an East Asian wolf seeking the warmth of the human hearth and
an easy meal.
Cochran on dog evolution
Genetic distance of dogs is closer
than humans, but physical characteristics is much more different.
@@Earth
%%old
McCarthy reviews 1911 Britannica:
Geologists saw evolution of life before they could explain it.
Evidence of strata came up with ages in millions of years, at least
for animals with hard parts. Kelvin had arguments about how long it
would take the earth to cool, but radioactivity fixed that problem by
1095. Metorites and the moon place 4.6B for the solar system and 4.2B
for the earth.
http://www.scotese.com/earth.htm
Paleomap project
The Age of the earth, and evidence
http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/faqs-youngearth.html The Age of
the Earth The Earth is accepted by scientists to be around 4.5
billion years old. But how do they know the Earth is this old? Some
of the lines of evidence for an ancient Earth are presented.
The Extinction Files video: The earth at 3.9 billion years ago - 15
hour day, sun 3/4 as bright as now, moon 4 times larger than now.
http://www.seds.org/~spider/spider/Mars/Marsrock/marsrocks.html
4.5 billion old rock from mars
http://www.dc.peachnet.edu/~pgore/geology/geo102/age.htm
How Old is the Earth
The Age of the Earth
A. How old is the Earth?
4.6 billion years (4,600,000,000 years)
Radiometric dating (Uranium, Thorium). Mass spectrometer.
Early ideas of the age of the Earth:
1.1654 Archbishop Usher (Ireland), genealogy in Bible
Earth was created October 26, 4004 BC, 9:00 am
Earth was 6000 years old.
Document created by: Pamela J. W. Gore
Georgia Perimeter College, Clarkston, GA
http://cfpa.berkeley.edu/darkmat/bbage.html
Radioactive Element Dating
Assuming we know how much of the lead isotope was originally
contained in a given sample, we can determine its age by comparing
present abundances of U-238 and Pb-206. This dating method has been
used to assess the ages of the oldest rocks on Earth, which have been
found to be about 4 billion years old. Lunar rocks and the oldest
meteorites yield ages of about 4.6 billion years. Similar dating
techniques exist for isotopes of strontium, krypton, and rubidium.
Taken together, we conclude that from the age measurements of
meteorites, lunar and Earth rocks, that the Solar System was formed
around 5 billion years ago.
%%Young
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html#magnetic
Common Young-Earth "Dating Methods"
Young-Earthers have several methods which they claim to give "upper
limits" to the age of the Earth, much lower than the age calculated
above (usually in the thousands of years). Those which appear the
most frequently in talk.origins are reproduced below:
Accumulation of helium in the atmosphere
Decay of the Earth's magnetic field
Accumulation of meteoritic dust on the Moon
Accumulation of metals into the oceans
Note that these aren't necessarily the "best" or most
SCIENTISTS DIDN'T SEE CREATION, ADAM AND EVE WERE THERE
http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/4059.asp
Teaching about Evolution (p. 52) makes the following dogmatic
statement: "The sun, the Earth and the rest of the solar system
formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas 4.5 billion years ago."
Why is that statement dogmatic? (p. 95) Because they weren't there to
see it happen. Nor was anyone else!
Dr. Russell Humphreys, a nuclear physicist, has developed a
cosmology that allows for the formation of the universe in a Biblical
time frame, using Einstein's theory of general relativity (the same
theoretical foundation as the "big bang"). Why does this new
cosmology work? (p. 95) It works because general relativity shows
that time is different in different reference frame with different
gravitational fields. The universe could have been made in six
ordinary days in Earth's reference frame, but the light had ample
time to travel in an extraterrestrial reference frame.
%%Young
Evidence earth is much newer than millions of
years:
http://www.bible.ca/dp-ageStansfld.htm
zip36\clip\99\16\yoeart.htm
@@Education
Christian Creationsts complain that evolution theory is taught as
"fact", but 1987 Supreme Court precedent so far clearly bans any
treatment of creationism, new tactics are to remove requirement to
teach evolution as in Kansas.
%%Creationist
Seattle Times June 14, 1999 Creationist book to be used in Burlington
Last year, high-school biology teacher Roger DeHart was told to stop
teaching "intelligent design," the theory that the complexity of life
reflects the work of an intelligent being. Last month, the
Burlington-Edison School District curriculum committee rejected his
proposal to use some material from a creationist textbook, "Of Pandas
and People," in his high-school biology class .
%%Supreme Court
CLINTON SUPPORTS BAN ON CREATIONISM IN PUB SCHOOLS Aug. 27 1999 (UPI)
- The White House: favors the right of school boardsto set
curriculum, accepts the 1987 Supreme Court ruling that schools may
not creationism. Vice PresidentAl Gore refused to take a clear stand
on whether public schools shouldbe required to teach evolution
:
@@Egyptian
http://www.library.nwu.edu/class/history/B94/B94chron.txt
CHRONOLOGY OF EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Prehistoric Era:
Lower Paleolithic Age 250,000 - 90,000 BP*
Middle Paleolithic Age 90,000 - 30,000 BP
Late Paleolithic Age 30,000 BP - 7000 BC
Neolithic Age 7000 - 4800 BC
Predynastic Period 4800 - 3050 BC
Upper Egypt:
Badarian Culture 4800 - 4200 BC
Amratian Culture (=Nagada I) 4200 - 3700 BC
Gerzean A Culture (=Nagada II) 3700 - 3250 BC
Gerzean B Culture (=Nagada III) 3250 - 3050 BC
Lower Egypt:
Fayum A Culture 4800 - 4250 BC
Merimde Culture 4500 - 3500 BC
.....
(genesis)
Second Intermediate Period 1668 - 1570 BC
Dynasties 14-17
New Kingdom 1570 - 1070 BC
Dynasties 18-20
Late Period 1070 - 656 BC
Dynasties 21-24
Dynasty 25 (Kushite Domination)
Assyrian Domination
Saite Period 685 - 525 BC
Dynasty 26
Persian Period 525 - 332 BC
Dynasties 27-31
Greek and Roman Period 332 BC - AD 395
*BP = Before Present (i.e., years ago)
@@Einstein
Einsteins equations based on the constant speed of light predict the
big bang creation, not just e=mc2
http://www.bartleby.com/173/ Great Books Online: Relativity The
Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/relativity/index.html
1920 showed Einsteins calculations were correct in Sun bending light
of stars in an eclipse
http://www.utdallas.edu/~brentely/RTGuide/index.html
Simple guide to Einstein's theory of relativity
Special relativity
z52\clipim\2001\09\24\specrel\specrel.htm
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Special_relativity.html
In September 1905 Einstein published a short but important paper in
which he proved the famous formula E = mc2.
http://physics.about.com/cs/specialrelativity/index.htm?once=true&
Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity Guide picks
Links to the best articles about Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity.
http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bb1.html
z52\clipim\2001\09\24\bigbang\bigbang.htm
Foundations of the Big Bang Model
The Big Bang Model rests on two theoretical pillars:
General Relativity
Cosmological principle: matter in the universe is homogeneous and
isotropic when averaged over very large scales.
http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bb2.html
Foundations of Big Bang Cosmology
z52\clipim\2001\09\24\found\found.htm
@@Elements
There are only 3 processes to create the elements, the big bag
for the lighest elements, cooking in stars for the elements of life,
and supernovas for everything else.
XSScience Forum: Cosmic Recycling: We Are Made of Stars UWTV Science
and Discovery Special Series The big bang created the lightest
hydrogen and most of its helium and lithium elements. Stars cook
atoms in multi-million-degree furnaces to create another dozen
chemical elements, including carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. The
heaviest elements from from supernova explosions, stars form from
those elements and are re-cycled. There are very few supernovas, but
they are the only way to make the atoms to form materials that humans
regard as commonplace - nickel, tin, copper, lead and zinc, to name a
few.
Scientists today understand the universe in a very different way than
they did 50 years ago. Bruce Margon, a University of Washington
astronomy professor, regards as "a fundamental intellectual triumph."
see www.astro.washington.edu/margon/fls.html
z47\clipim\2001\01\08\madestar\madestar.htm
10-43 is start of known time
matter is 99% hydrogen, 9% helium, 1/10B lithium, 1% anything else as
predicted from nuclear physics
@@Engineering
6 trillion flies can't be wrong
How evolution affects man-designed creations, and why some products
just never die.
SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS START WITH ACHIEVABLE SHORT TERM GOALS
RADICAL CUTTING EDGE PROJECTS ARE DOOMED TO FAIL
TTK Ciar
"If anything can be learned from the history of practical engineering,
it is that ambitious projects which seek to develop radical, complex,
broad-reaching, cutting-edge systems are doomed to fail. It is the
projects which start simply, with achievable short-term goals, that
evolve into successful and practical "next-generation" systems"
@@Era
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.html table version
\doc\web\99\12\era.txt
Original Geologic Time Machine conceived and created by Allen Collins -- 11/26/94.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeformold.html
Welcome to the UCMP Web Lift for Geologic Time!
(mya = million years ago)
Precambrian (4,500 to 544 mya)
Hadean (4500 to 3800 mya)
Archaean (3800 to 2500 mya) Bacteria
Proterozoic (2500 to 544 mya) Continents, Oxygen
Vendian (650 to 544 mya)
Phanerozoic (544 mya to today)
Paleozoic Era (544 to 245 mya)
Mesozoic Era (245 to 65 mya)
Triassic (245 to 208 mya)
Jurassic (208 to 146 mya)
Cretaceous (146 to 65 mya)
Cenozoic Era (65 mya to today)
Tertiary (65 to 1.8 mya)
Paleocene (65 to 54 mya)
Eocene (54 to 38 mya)
Oligocene (38 to 23 mya)
Miocene (23 to 5 mya)
Pliocene (5 to 1.8 mya)
Quaternary (1.8 mya to today)
Pleistocene (1.8 mya to 11,000 years ago)
Holocene (11,000 years ago to today)
http://ww2.customcpu.com/mgroseth/origins/AgesText.html
THE GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
_______________________________________________________________ _________
Eon | Era | Period | Epoch | M.Years | Major Events
=============================================================== =========
P | C | Quaternary | Holocene | 0.01 |
H | E | |-------------|---------|
A | N | | Pleistocene | 1.6 |
N | O |------------|-------------|---------|
E | Z | T | Neo- | Pliocene | 5.3 |
R | O | E | gene |-------------|---------|
O | I | R | | Miocene | 23.7 |
Z | C | T |------|-------------|---------|
I | | I |Paleo-| Oligocene | 36.6 |
C | | A | gene |-------------|---------|
| | R | | Eocene | 57.8 |
| | Y | |-------------|---------|
| | | | Paleocene | 66 |
|-------|-----|------|-------------|---------|
| M | Cretaceous | 144 |
| E |------------|-----------------------|
| S | Jurassic | 208 |
| O |------------|-----------------------|
| ZOIC | Triassic | 245 |
|-------|------------|-----------------------|
| P | Permian | 286 |
| A |------------|-----------------------|
| L |Carbo-|Penn.| 320 |
| E |nifer-|-----|-----------------------|
| O |ous |Miss.| 360 |
| Z |------|-----|-----------------------|
| O | Devonian | 408 |
| I |------------|-----------------------|
| C | Silurian | 438 |
| |------------|-----------------------|
| | Ordovician | 505 |
| |------------|-----------------------|
| | Cambrian | 540 |
-----|-------|------------|-----------------------|
PRE- | Proterozoic Eon | 2500 |
CAM- |------------------|-----------------------|
BRIAN | Archean Eon | 3800 |
_______|__________________|_______________________|
@@Experiment
Creation isn't repeatable or testable by experiement?
EVOLUTION OBSERVED BY EXPERIMENT WITH E COLI
godlesscapitalist: experimental evolution experiments like those of
Lenski et al., where they have actually taken populations of E. coli,
evolved them for 10000 generations, and sequenced them to find out
that - yes - mutations DID occur and the mutations DID boost fitness
in the lines of E. coli that survived. Because E. coli cells can be
frozen down you can do something that you can't normally do, namely a
direct comparison of the genomes of the 10000 and 0th generations.
http://myxo.css.msu.edu/cgi-bin/lenski/prefman.pl?group=aad
z84\e:\clip\2004\12\lenski.pdf
@@Extinction
According to the bible, all animals were herded onto the ark two by
two, and no animals created by god have ever gone extinct before
modern times.
%%Average lifetime
Extinction Files: Average species last from 1 to 10 million years,
humans may have a long time ahead since we've been around less than
500,000 years.
%%General
http://tyrrell.magtech.ab.ca/tour/extinctn.html Extinction is a
natural result of evolution . More than 90 percent of all species
that ever evolved have disappeared.
Wayne Hortensius, Calgary, Alberta, Canada for the Royal Tyrrell
Museum Cooperating Society.
%%Mass Extinctions
History show only a few widely spaced mass extinction where a huge
percentage of life and species died out, The dinos were only the most
recent, we'd be next.
http://hannover.park.org/Canada/Museum/extinction/extincmenu. html
Mass Extinctions Of The Phanerozoic Menu
Precambrian and Vendian Mass Extinctions
Cambrian Mass Extinction
Ordovician Mass Extinction
Devonian Mass Extinction
Permian Mass Extinction
End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction
The Holocene Mass Extinction
250M YR OLD CRATER MAY HAVE KILLED TRILOBITES
z41\clip\2000\05\crater.txt THE NEW YORK TIMES SCIENCE TUESDAY, APRIL
25, 200 Newfound Crater Could Explain Worst Mass Extinction By
WILLIAM BROAD A quarter billion years ago, some 90 percent of all
animal species, including the trilobites, the three-lobed predators
of the sea, suddenly disappeared in the worst of all mass
extirictions. (crater found) The exact dating of the cosmic scar is
uncertain, the discoverers said. But clues suggest its age is roughly
between the early Jurassic and early Permian periods, or 200 and 280
million years ago. That distant era, they noted, contained two mass
extinctions, one at the end of the Triassic some 214 million years
ago, and one at the end of the Perruian 247 million years ago.
%%Permian
Extinction Files - massive volcano eruption covering Siberia, years
of global darkness, suffocating in sulfur dioxide. Volcanos produce
carbon dioxide, warms planet.
z48\clip\2001\02\whif.txt
Science, 1.2.23
The Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) event, which occurred about
251.4 million years ago, is marked by the most severe mass
extinction in the geologic record. Recent studies of some PTB
sites indicate that the extinctions occurred very abruptly,
consistent with a catastrophic, possibly extraterrestrial, cause.
Fullerenes (C60 to C200) from sediments at the PTB contain trapped
helium and argon with isotope ratios similar to the planetary
component of carbonaceous chondrites.
z48\clip\2001\02\scifind.txt New York Times, 1.2.23 Scientists Find
Signs of Meteor Crash That Led to Extinctions in Era Before Dinosaurs
By KENNETH CHANG Extraterrestrial gases trapped within cagelike
carbon molecules are providing the first compelling evidence that a
meteor impact set off the most catastrophic of mass extinctions more
than 250 million years ago, similar to the cataclysm that later
killed off the dinosaurs.
z48\clip\2001\02\cosmim.txt
http://www.vny.com/cf/News/upidetail.cfm?QID=162325 Thursday, 22
February 2001 19:11 (ET) Cosmic impact led to largest extinction By
CHARLES CHOI, UPI Science Writer triggered 250 million years ago by a
catastrophic collision with a comet or asteroid.the rapid, massive
die-off at the end of the Permian period. Within 8,000 to 100,000
years, virtually a microsecond in the estimated 3.8-billion-year
history of life on Earth, 90 percent of all marine species and 70
percent of all land vertebrates on the planet were wiped out.
@@Extraterrestrial Life
How many intelligent civilizations?
- Sagan, 1 million in our own galaxy
- "Rare Earth" We might be the only one
SETI
page
• THE DRAKE EQUATION - WHAT IT IS •
• STARS WHOSE ENVIRONS CAN SUPPORT LIFE •
• POTENTIALLY LIFE-HARBOURING PLANETS •
• ACTUAL LIFE-HARBOURING PLANETS •
• PLANETS ON WHICH INTELLIGENCE DEVELOPS •
• PLANETS HARBOURING A TECHNOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION •
• TECHNOLOGICAL CIVILIZATIONS WHICH SURVIVE TO THE PRESENT DAY •
• HOW SMART WOULD THEY BE? •
• AGE OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL CIVILIZATIONS •
• IS SETI DANGEROUS? WHAT WOULD SUCCESS DO TO US? •
• PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF SETI •
PROBABILITY IS 100%
Probability Amir D. Aczel 1998
Has nice chart p. 194
5.0 planet form
3.5 early life
2.0 oxygen
1.5 atmosphere
1.2 animal locomotion
0.7 early animal
0.5 early dev plants
0.4 land animal
0.3 dinosaurs
0.2 mammal
0.1 primate
.01 gorilla
.002 australopithecus
life around any star 5x10-14
300 billion stars in galaxy x 100 billion galaxies
total 1-
.99999999999995(13 5s) ^3e26
or very close to 100%
p. 213
http://abcnews.go.com/onair/nightline/nightline_000419_rareearth_chat.html
z41\clipim\2000\04\26\rare\rare.htm
ABCNEWS.com : Chat Transcript: A Debate Between Peter Ward and Seth
Shostak - Is there life outside of planet Earth? According to a
theory by the late astronomer Carl Sagan, up to a million
civilizations exist within our own galaxy.
ONE MORE PROBABLE THAN A MILLION IN OUR GALAXY
http://abcnews.go.com/onair/nightline/transcripts/nl000418_trans.html
z41\clipim\2000\04\26\rare\nirare.htm
Nightline
Maybe we really are alone.
ROBERT KRULWICH VO) Alone? Sagan says there’s a million civilizations
and you say one? Come on. One?
PETER WARD It’s more probable than a million
the original Carl Sagan estimate was, that out of those 400 billion,
there should be plenty of Earthlike planets. I don’t think that’s
going to be a possibility.
. If you take, for example, our own planet Earth, it’s got a
perfectly great location in its galaxy, even so, for intelligent
creatures like ourselves to evolve here, so many things have to work
out just right. Ward, in effect, lists them in his book. TEXT: A
Stable Sun That Burns Steadily For Billions of Years That is Bigger
Than Average Producing Heavy Metals Not Too Ultraviolet Right
Distance From Earth A Good Solar System Stable Planets In Stable
Orbits A Good Moon Larger Than Average To Keep Earth From Wobbling
Too Much So Temperatures Stay Mild A Great Protector Nearby Like The
Planet Jupiter (VO) It’s a grand procession of factors, factors he
says
WE MIGHT BE THE ONLY ONE
Rare Earth Peter D Ward Donald Brownlee
2000 estimates from 1 to 10 trillion intel civilizations
distance
not dead galaxy
star mass
moon
tilt
stable orbit
jupiter
plate tectonics
ocean
planet mass
elements
impacts
carbon
atmosphere
evolution
oxygen evolution
right galaxy
right position in galaxy
sun is rare- high in metals
5-6% of stars have detectable planets
sagan - 1M in galaxy
If any term approaches zero, so does any other term
Review of Rare Earth
http://www.nua-tech.com/paddy/rarearth.shtml
@@Eye
FLAWS IN EVOLUTION ARE JUST SUBOPITMAL SOLUTIONS.
Cochran points out that
vertebrate eyes have connections in front of the receptors, but the
Octopus which evolved differently does not. Lower back pain
appendicitis.
http://www.catalase.com/frames/retina.htm Why is the retina
z47\clipim\2000\12\21\octeye\octeye.htm
Back-to-Front? The octopus eye, it seems, evolved independently to
ours and whilst it is similar in many ways the octopus got the retina
in ‘the right way’. Is it a 'Design Flaw'? My belief is that it is
not a blunder at all. The design of our eyes is just that bit more
crafty.
http://www.arn.org/docs/odesign/od192/ir192summ.htm
z47\clipim\2000\12\21\octeye\retina.htm Hypothesis Origins & Design
19:2 Issue 37 Selected Excerpts: The Inverted Retina: Maladaptation
or Pre-adaptation? Michael J. Denton Biochemistry Department
University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand One of the classic cases
cited by Darwinists of supposed maladaptation in nature is the
inverted design of the vertebrate retina. The remarkable capacity of
the unique choriocapillaris system to deliver copious quantities of
oxygen to the photoreceptors .. allows the photoreceptor cells
to be packed tightly together, thus maximizing the resolving power of
the eye.
@@Fact
Evolution is both fact and theory
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolution-fact.html
@@Fire
z78\clip\2004\05\oldfire.txt
SCIENCE
Edward Willett 5/1/2004
The world's oldest barbecue
evidence presented at
the International Paleoanthropology Society's annual meeting in Montreal
suggests our hominid ancestors were using fire in a South African cave
called Swartkrans1.5 million years ago.
http://cyberfair.gsn.org/adelaar/firstf.htm
The first use of fire: 15,000 earliest evidence of creating fire
there are several possible accidental or fortuitous explanations, and
no closely associated hominid fossils. This evidence of fire is dated
at 1,5-1 million years ago.
@@Fish
Scary Fishes Burke Museum of Natural History exhibit 1999 Most modern
fishes, as limbed land animals from amphibians to reptiles and
mammals are from the ray-finned fishes which survived the Permian
extinction. The development of limbs and jaws are from the fishes.
z48\clip\2001\02\fishlink.txt
clipim\2001\02\14\fishlink\fishlink.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/missinglink.shtml
Feb 1, 2001 Missing link [between fish and limbed animals]
@@Flat Earth
FLAT EARTH WAS MYTH CONCONCTED TO DISCREDIT GOD
z46\clip\2000\11\flatear.txt The Myth of the Flat Earth Summary by
Jeffrey Burton Russell for the American Scientific Affiliation
Conference August 4, 1997 at Westmont College [Claims that christians
never did believe in a flat earth, but was invented later]
There _still are_ Christians who believe the earth is flat.
http://talkorigins.org/faqs/flatearth.html
@@Flood (Noah's)
Creationists spend as much time on the Great Flood of Noah as on the
creation of the earth itself. It explains the creation of features
like the Grand Canyon, and stratigraphic layers. In fact, they spend
as much or more time or space on the flood than on the first week of
creation.
Scientists (who originally thought there was a global flood) have
believed for the past 200 years that the weight of evidence proved no
such flood ever happened. Tree rings don't show it, ice cores don't
show it, the strata don't show it, the fossil record doesn't show it
etc.
%%Actual
z52\clip\2001\10\flood.txt
NYT October 1, 2001
Scholars Find Further Signs of Big Flood Evoking Noah
By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD
Archaeologists have found evidence that appears to support the theory
that a catastrophic flood struck the Black Sea region more than 7,000
years ago, turning the sea saline, submerging surrounding plains and
possibly inspiring the flood legends of Mesopotamia and the Bible.
The expedition was led by Dr. Robert D. Ballard
%%Hovind
The Hovind Theory: a snowball meteor came in, created ice rings around
the planets and canyons of Mars. Then it cratered the earth according
to the inverse square law, releasing the waters beneath the earth. The
ice collected north and south because of the magnetism.
%%Proof
THERE IS PROOF OF AN ARK!
That individual may be referring to the claims of the late Ron Wyatt;
see , and
.
Most creationist sites don't even believe him.
Big Noahs Ark Search Site
http://www.noahsarksearch.com/default.htm
%%Rain
Genesis is read by many to say that before the flood there was no rain.
The earth was watered by mists and such.
%%Rainbow
Genesis says the the Rainbow first appeared as a promise from God,
which means that there were no rainbows before Noah.
%%Terrain
There isn't enough water to cover the earth unless it was completely
flat.
aklein: ...such flooding would require the equivalent of dumping all
elevations into the sea. There isn't enough water on the present
planet to completely flood the present planet. And there hasn't been
since the "first man" took his first step.
MAYBE THE FLOOD WAS NOT WORLDWIDE From: sudsm@aol.com (SUDSM) Jan 09
ST 2001 Obviously, from context, in view of Gen 4:14, and the
expulsion of Cain and his followers from "the face of the earth" by
natives, called "cherubim", the Bible does not describe a world wide
flood. The so-called "face of the earth" was east of the city of
Enoch that Cain built [cf. Gen 4:14-17], which itself was east of
Eden [an early name for what we call Mesopotamia] and that is the
"earth" [land] where all life was to be destroyed [Gen 6:7]. Which
it was. The so-called "face of the earth" was almost certainly the
mountain- enc losed Tarim Basin. Many so-called "myths" and history
point to that conclusion. Sutherland (Suds) Macklem
NOAH WAS 35 AT THE TIME OF THE FLOOD NOT 350
From: Packman Newsgroups: talk.origins Jan 12 2001
The ages reported in that part of the bible were either
mistranslations based on different numbering systems, or ages were
based on lunar months, starting from puberty, which would've made
Noah around 35 at the time of the flood. (but this isn't consistent
with Hebrew calendar which agrees with Usher on the age of the
earth)
ON THE GREAT FLOOD OF NOAH by Lambert Dolphin
http://www.nps.gov/bela/ zip36\clipim\99\08\18\flood\flood.htm A
tight reading of the genealogy given here adds up to 1,656 years from
Adam to Noah. (That is, there do no appear to be any gaps in the
genealogy from Adam to Noah). 1656 years is more than sufficient time
to completely fill up the earth with people. A conservative
population growth calculation would place the population at the time
of the flood as 7 billion people at least,
http://ww2.customcpu.com/mgroseth/origins/Flood.html Of the written
records, one of the most famous is the Gilgamesh tablets which were
found in a library in Ninivah in 1850. The library dates back to 669
BC and it's contents to at least 627 BC. The Gilgamesh account is
believed by some to predate the account written by Moses in 1475 BC.
This account happens to agree with the biblical account about the
final resting place of the 'ark'. Chinese accounts talk of a global
flood in 2300 BC. Some Chinese traditions also hold that all Chinese
are descendants of 'Nu-wah'. Coincidentally, the Chinese symbol for
'ship' consists of a boat and eight mouths.
http://www.cyberconnect.com/gilgamesh/flood/flood.htm
Floods of the World God Strikes with Fury
http://www.cyberconnect.com/gilgamesh/flood/gilflood/gilflood. htm
zip36\clipim\99\16\gilflood.htm
The oldest existing known Flood Myth comes from Mesopotamia. It is
found on the 11th tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh and would clearly
seem to be the source found in the Old Testament. The Gilgamesh Epic
is a 3rd millennium BCE myth of the Sumerians
note - guy suggests the god(s) came from outer space.
\clipim\99\08\18\flood2.htm
http://home.hkstar.com/~johnfok1/Apologetics/11.htm Noah was 600
years old when the floodwaters came on the earth. The flood has been
dated to 4,950 years ago (Whitelaw, Time, Life, and History in the
Light of 15,000 Radiocarbon Dates, 1970 or the paper The biblical
record of Creation, Flood and history in light of 30,000 radiocarbon
dates, Proceedings, 15th Anniversary Convention of Bible Science
Association, pp. 197-202, 1979).
World population since creation - with timeline
http://www.best.com/~dolphin/popul.html
zip36\clipim\99\08\18\flopop\flopop.htm
by Lambert Dolphin
-7500 Adam
-5500 flood
-4000 Abraham
@@Flu
FLU VIRUS EPIDEMICS ARE CAUSED BY CONSTANT EVOLUTION
http://my.webmd.com/ Information about Influenza By Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention Influenza viruses continually change
over time, usually by mutation Influenza type A viruses undergo two
kinds of changes. One is a series of mutations that occur over time
and cause a gradual evolution of the virus. This is called antigenic
"drift." The other kind of change is an abrupt change in the
hemagglutinin and/or the neuraminidase proteins. This is called
antigenic "shift." In this case, a new subtype of the virus suddenly
emerges.
What Is Flu?
WebMD.com Medical Reference 11/2003
Type A influenza mutates often, yielding new strains of the virus
every few years... you can never develop a permanent immunity to
influenza... virus one year, those antibodies are unlikely to protect
you against a new strain of the virus the next year. Type A mutations
are responsible for major epidemics every several years. Most
influenza viruses that infect humans seem to originate in parts of
Asia, where close contact between livestock and people creates a
hospitable environment for mutation and transmission of viruses
@@Galaxy
%%Andromeda
2M miles away as measured by cephid variables, red shift,
triginometry, radial velocity.
http://www.calweb.com/~dmurry/andromeda.htm
z47\clipim\2001\01\26\m31\m31.htm How to spot M31 - You will not see
Andromeda as you see in posters Use bottom pointer of W halfway
between the angle, or halfway between cassiopea and pegasus.
%%Age
www.britannica.com The age of the Milky Way Galaxy, which is measured
by determining the ages of the oldest stars found within it, is
approximately 16,000,000,000 years. All galaxies formed at about the
same time when matter condensed enough to form stars.
%%Collision
ANDROMEDA ON COLLISION COURSE WITH MILKY WAY
Collision Course
http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DyeHard/dyehard000426.html
Super Computer Shows Result of Galactic Collision
April 26 — Using one of the most powerful computers
on the planet, scientists have found more evidence that our Milky Way
galaxy, with about 400 billion stars including the sun, is on a
collision course with a somewhat larger galaxy, Andromeda. Galaxy
Will Grow in the Sky The two galaxies are more than 13
million-trillion miles apart right now, but they are zipping toward
each other at about 310,000 miles per hour. That should put Andromeda
on our celestial doorstep in about 3 billion years, according to John
Dubinski, professor of astronomy at the University of Toronto.
The two galaxies were at one time speeding out from the center of the
universe, but they were close enough together that they became
“gravitionally bonded,”
%%Distance
The Creation of the Universe PBS 1999 - the most distant galaxies can
only be seen back to about half the life of the universe with land
based telescopes. Quasars can be seen back to 15 billion years ago.
Galaxy Most Distant The Galaxy Most Distant Keck Gives a View into
Space 15 Billion Light Years Away by Robert Sanders Berkeley
astronomers have obtained images of the most distant known galaxy, an
object 15 billion light years away formed when the universe was only
one tenth its current age.
http://www.urel.berkeley.edu/b...rkeleyan/1995/0125/galaxy.html
The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is the second nearest galaxy to the
Milky Way, (the LMC being the nearest) and is at the distance of
about 240,000 light years, quite close enough for it to be resolved
into individual
http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/AAO/local/www/dfm/uks017.html
http://siggy.iusb.edu/~netah/messier/other-pict/lmc.html
The Large Magellenic Cloud in Dorado. Satellite of Milky Way
170,000 light years away, 30,000 light years across
http://observe.ivv.nasa.gov/nasa/gallery/image_gallery/ universe/universe_gal5.html
Andromeda M31 is the nearest major galaxy, it is so distant it takes about
2 million years for light from it to reach us. Image: NASA
http://spaceboy.nasda.go.jp/note/ginga/e/gin104_andromeda_e. html
The Andromeda Galaxy lies 2.3 million light years away
WHY RED SHIFT IS NO GOOD FOR DISTANCE TO LOCAL GROUP
From: Jonathan Slocum
Using red-shift to compute distance does not work within the Local
Group (= Milky Way, Andromeda, Magellanic Clouds, etc.) -- in other
words, not anywhere close to here -- because these galaxies are
gravitationally bound, pursuing orbits around a common center, and
hence are not expanding in the sense defined by Hubble.
http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m081.html
12 million light years away. 4 people have seen it naked eye
size 21x10 6.9 (arc min)
vs andromeda 178x63 3.4
http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m057.html
ring nebula 1.4x1 8.8
%%Twist
EQUAL TWIST MEANS SPEED OF LIGHT IS NOT CONSTANT(?!)
Center for Scientific Creation
http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/figures/galaxies.html
zip36\clipim\99\08\24\galaxies\galaxies.html If the speed of light
was a million times faster in the past, twist would be same, which is
observed in these galaxies.
@@Geneaology
Jerry Pournelle notes 1/2001: Hussein of Jordan could recite his
ancestry back to Adam. The period between The Prophet and himself
might even have been accurate, his family being Protectors of Mecca
until the Brits gave that to the Saudi and then had to create the
Hashemite kingdoms to compensate.
@@Geology
Most of what creationists complain about - dinosaurs millions of
years old, life billions of years old, strata, radiodating are
actualy geology. It has nothing to do with descent-and modification
darwinism. "Flood geology" was the accepted norm until the 18th
century.
1667 - Nicolaus Steno propose law of superposition
1700 - Most accept 6,000 year old earth from Genesis
1748 - Benoit de Maillet says rock layers deposited over time
1760 - Italian Giovanni Ardunio says layers start with volcanic layers
1788 - Hutton read paper The Theory of the Earth different from Flood
1800s - Earth tens of millions of years
1815 - William Smith father of Stratigraphy finds index fossils
1840 - Swiss Louis Agassiz glacial theory explains diluvium from flood
1858 - Antonio Snider suggests Africa and S Am were together
1879 - US Geological Survey
1860s - Hutton theory accepted
1987 encyclopedia americana
%%Continental Drift
Theory first suggested in 1912, but not worked out until 1960-62
which is the most importamt change since Hutton
87 Ency Am - sea floor is youngest in mid atlantic trench and gets
younger farther away
%%Paleontology
Study of life as documented by fossils in rocks. This has nothing to
with the process of evolution, but produces evidence to support that
life has changed from earlier to later periods. Evolution is only an
explanation how animals change, but does not affect the fact of the
fossil record.
%%Superposition
Principle that rocks are laid on top of other layers, with older
layers on the bottom.
@@Genesis
%%author
See Sumerians for evidence creation and flood accounts were
actually authored by them, not Moses.
Electric Library
http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/04980.html Genesis first book of
the OLD TESTAMENT and of the PENTATEUCH, ascribed by tradition to
MOSES.Sources of Genesis include Babylonian and Egyptian folklore.
Controversy over its interpretation and literary history has been
extensive.
http://www.theology.edu/gen.htm zip36\clip\99\15\gen.htm Moses is
traditionally assumed to be the author of the book of Genesis, though
he is nowhere in scripture specifically identified as its author.
(widely held by those who do not believe that the Bible is the word
of God) Documentary Hypothesis, was developed by a German scholar
named Wellhausen and assumes the five books of Moses were composed
over a period of several hundred years, not reaching their final form
until the time of Ezra (c. 500 B.C.). It supposes four major
documents used in the composition, labeled J, E, P, and D.
%%date
GENESIS WRITTEN 1450 BC BY MOSES
http://www.countrylife.org/tower.htm
Tower of Babel
Author Source Date Written Publication
Moses; Hebrew Holy Bible, 1450-1410 BC Genesis 11:1-9
Genesis
GENESIS ORAL MYTHS UNTIL WRITTEN DOWN AFTER BABYLONIAN EXILE? "Patterson, Ron"
Ron.Patterson@msfc.nasa.gov The book of Genesis was clearly
written after the Babylonian exile because about half the book is
purely Chaldiean. "The intention" was to blend two creation myths, the
Caldiean and the Hebrew, into one account to make it acceptable to
all the Jewish people. The stories of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were
Hebrew legends, retold over and over, and greatly embellished no
doubt, until they were written down after the exile.
%%Adam
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/2444/Adam.htm
The Line of Adam
version 2 Feb 1999, by Luke Stevens
filed: zip36\clip\99\16\adam.htm
http://www.best.com/~dolphin/ntable.html
Table of Nations (after Noah)
zip36\clip\99\16\ntable.html
bibgen.prn and .wk1
Dating Genesis by sons of Adam
Sons of Adam
Birth Age Date FC From Abraham
Creation 0
Adam 130 930 130 -1893
Seth 105 912 235 -1788
Enosh 90 905 325 -1698
Kenan 70 910 395 -1628
Mahalalel 65 895 460 -1563
Jared 162 962 622 -1401
Enoch 65 365 687 -1336
Methuselah 187 969 874 -1149
Lamech 182 777 1056 -967
Noah 500 1556 -467
-------------------------------
Creation to 1656
Flood
Flood 1656 -367
Shem 2 1658 -365
Arphaxad 35 1693 -330
Shelah 30 1723 -300
Eber 34 1757 -266
Peleg 30 1787 -236
Reu 32 1819 -204
Serug 30 1849 -174
Nahor 29 1878 -145
Terah 70 1948 -75
Abram
Abram leave 75 2023 0
SOURCES: www.genesis.net.au/reference/bible/ and bible.gospelcom.net
http://novaonline.nv.cc.va.us/eli/evans/his101/Documents/ Genesis.html
Beginning: heavens and dark empty formless earth
Day 1: light
Day 2: water and sky
Day 3: dry land and plants and trees
Day 4: Sun, Moon, stars
Day 5: Water and sky creatures
Day 6: land animals, man
Day 7: rest
Most believers of a literal interpretation of the bible believe 1 day
is 24 hours.
%%interpretation
Quartz Hill School of Theology
http://www.theology.edu/gen.htm
A. Creationism Takes the approach that the six days of Genesis 1 are
to be understood as actual twenty-four hour days. Holds to a
basically chronological approach to the creation narrative, and
believes that the universe as a whole came into being about six
thousand years ago. Believes that all the fossils were formed at the
time of the Great Flood of Noah.
B. Gap Theory Places a gap in the narrative either before Genesis 1:1
or between Genesis 1:1 and 1:2; believes the universe was created
approximately twenty billion years ago, then suffered a cataclysmic
destruction at the time of Satan's rebellion, necessitating the
reconstruction of the Earth about six thousand years ago. The fossil
records illustrate the life forms prior to the reconstruction
recorded from Genesis 1:2 and following. In common with the
Creationist perspective, it holds that the six days are to be
understood as ordinary twenty-four hour days.
C. Theistic Evolution Believes that the six days of Genesis should be
understood as long periods of time, rather than twenty-four hour
days. Believes that God brought the universe into existence about
twenty billion years ago, and then made use of the evolutionary
process to bring forth life over an extended period. Does not view
the creation narrative as a chronological description of events.
%%religion
JEWS, CHRISTIANS, MOSLEMS BELIEVE IN GENESIS
\doc\web\99\12\evorel.txt
@@Genetic clock
http://www.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_2940000/294808. htm
Genetic clock runs slowly african eve could be twice as old as
200,000 yrs first thought because of way mitochondrial dna changes
over time. paternal combination would slow the clock
http://sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/990301073312.htm Scientists
devise method to address conflict between molrcular clock, fossil
record of mammallan evolution Fossil evidence says mammals
origninated 65 m yrs ago, but molecular clock model predicts 130m. U
Chicago paleontologist Foote has new model to resolve this, calls
into qeustion accuracy of clock method (hey, still within 2)
\doc\web\99\14\firstam.txt History Channel In Search of the First
Americans Asians are about 40,000 years apart from the Native
Americans based on the genetic clock (based on change in genes in
living populations)
@@genetic design
\clip\2000\07\eveng.txt
http://www.discovery.com/news/briefs/20000626/te_tl_darwincar.html
Natural Selection Creates Super-Engines
By Diane Kightlinger
Discovery.com News
6/2000
@@Genetic Similarity
RACES ARE CLOSE IN DNA BUT STILL DISTINCT
Jon Entine in coming 2001 article "Strawman of Race" Although it is
believed they took a different evolutionary path from humans five
million years ago, chimps share fully 98.4 percent of our DNA. From a
genetic perspective, human groups and chimpanzees are almost
identical because their genes code for similar phenotypes, such as
bone structure, which are remarkably similar in many animals. For
that matter, dogs share about 95 percent of our genome and mice 90
percent, which is why these species make good laboratory animals.
Even the tiny roundworm, barely visible to the naked eye, share about
74 percent of its genes with humans. There are billions of base pairs
that make up the genes on the human genome. Each change in a base
pair can alter a gene.
@@Geology
Three thumbs way up -- this is an excellent introduction to
evolution of the planet and life on it. Widely used by college
geology courses, and on college cable channels.
Earth Revealed - college geology video series explains how the
planet surface has eveolved.
http://www.learner.org/collections/multimedia/science/erseries/
Annenberg CPB projects
In 1999 Seattle College Channel ch28 SaSuWe @7-8AM Geology 101
z38\clip\99\20\collchan.htm
Earth Revealed shows the physical and scientific processes that shape
our Earth. From earthquakes and volcanoes to the creation of
sea-floor crusts and shifting river courses, this series offers
stunning visuals that explain plate tectonics and other geologic
concepts and principles. Join in on problem solving as geologists
give critically important advice on engineering and construction
projects.
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/G100/ StudyGuides/VSGindex.html
"Fundamentals of Geology"
Mike Strickler: Rogue Community College
Earth Revealed Series
Index to Video Study Guides
Episode 1: Down to Earth
Episode 2: The Restless Planet
Episode 3: Earth's Interior
Episode 4: The Sea Floor
Episode 5: The Birth of a Theory
Episode 6: Plate Dynamics
Episode 7: Mountain Building and the Growth of Continents
Episode 8: Earth's Structures
Episode 9: Earthquakes
Episode 10: Geologic Time
Episode 11: Evolution Through Time
Episode 12: Minerals - The Materials of Earth
Episode 13: Volcanism
Episode 14: Intrusive Igneous Rocks
- granite formed from lava deep in earth under pressure vs.
volcanic rocks which cool quickly
- Most of continents are intrusive igneous rocks
- Hutton observed granite injected between layers, compare to
theory of rocks starting with granite precipitated from
primordial sea.
- very old rare rocks on earth are common on surface of moon
Episode 15: Weathering and Soils
Episode 16: Mass Wasting
Episode 17: Sedimentary Rocks - The Key to Past
Environments
Episode 18: Metamorphic Rocks
Episode 19: Running Water - Erosion and Deposition
Episode 20: Running Water - Landscape Evolution
Episode 21: Groundwater
Episode 22: Wind, Dust, and Deserts
Episode 23: Glaciers
Episode 24: Waves, Beaches, and Coasts
Episode 25: Living with the Earth - The Loma Prieta
Earthquake
Episode 26: Living with the Earth - Preserving the Legacy
%%Continent
Superior shield is oldest part of N America, rocks are 2.6-4B
years old
%%Rock cycle
Rocks are created from within to crust, uplifted, eroded, go
back to bottom.
%%Rocks
Type
Igneous - rocks formed by crustal formation
Sedimentary - material cerated by erosion that forms rock at
bottom, of ocean like sandstone or shale
Metamorphic - sedimentary rock that has chemically changed
so it resembles igneous rock
@@Geological Periods
William Pratt In general, one does
not date the individual fossil, but the formation thay occur in. For
the very general ages needed by textbooks and such, though, there are
tables of known absolute ages correlated with geological periods. So
that if you know that a fossil is, e.g., from the upper Permian, many
dates have been correlated to show that upper Permian formations
range from 240 to 230 mya, so a "ballpark figure adequate for most
uses would be "ca 235 mya".
Earth Revealed
@@Gilgamesh
Babylonian legend upon which some believe Genesis was based with both
a creation and a flood.
Gilgamesh Epic it told a story of a
great flood, with both striking similarities to and differences from
the story of Noah." The Babylonian Creation story has come to be
called the Enuma Elish. Recognizing the Babylonian origin of the
pre-patriarch stories in Genesis is a commonplace in Jewish biblical
studies (however not in Christian studies of their "Old Testament").
Genesis chapter1 and Enuma Elish creation myth comparisons
http://web2.airmail.net/capella/aguide/genenum.htm
zip36\clipim\99\08\20\enuma\enuma.htm
One of the two Bible creation myths was probably derived from the
much older Mesopotamian creation myth "Enuma Elish". The six days of
creation in the Genesis myth parallel the six generations of gods in
the Enuma Elish myth in type of god in Enuma Elish that is created
(i.e. god of the earth) to what is created or happens on the
corresponding day in Genesis (i.e. the waters are gathered together
to expose dry land).
Marduk the sixth generation god makes man as a slave so the other gods can rest.
God (Elohim) makes man on the sixth day and he himself rests.
complete myth:
http://web2.airmail.net/capella/aguide/enuma.htm
zip36\clip\99\16\enuma.htm
Creation myths
http://www.cyberconnect.com/gilgamesh/create/create.htm
Babylonian/Sumerian
"Aron-Ra" 2/28/2001: there is a possible dual
meaning to the original Hebrew for "day" that could also mean
"generation". In the oldest known creation myth, Enuma Elish, the
Earth was to have been constructed by six generations of Sumerian
gods. The last of these grew weary of the creation process and
created primordial man to complete the creation so that the seventh
generation of gods could rest.
Enuma Elish The earliest known text of a creation myth.
http://www.cyberconnect.com/gilgamesh/enuma1/enuma1.htm
zip36\clipim\99\08\29\enuma1\enuma1.htm
The picture above represents according to Zecharia Sitchin, the
making of the first human, Adapu, Adam,
The Genesis of the bible obviously borrowed this
ancient of all story.
NORSE
The Norse view of creation. \
zip36\clip\99\16\norse.htm
http://www.cyberconnect.com/gilgamesh/create/norse/norse.htm
Yggdrasil, the mighty Ash - the center of the universe
Woman comes from the left armpit of man
http://www.cse.nd.edu/~theo/glossary/gilgamesh.epic.html
zip36\clip\99\16\gilga2.txt
The tale of Gilgamesh also has an account of the great flood, similar
to the one told in Genesis with slight variations. The council of the
gods decide to destroy the world in a great flood. Ea, one of the
gods who created humanity, advises Utnapishtim, a character in the
story, to build a boat and bring all living things into it. The flood
lasts for 7 days and 7 nights. Like Noah in Genesis, Utnapishtim
releases a dove to see if the water has resided. The dove finds no
rests and returns. Finally a raven is released that does not return.
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/GILG.HTM
zip36\clipim\99\08\20\gilga\gilga.htm
Mesopotamia Gilgamesh. Superhero, flood story
Gilgamesh was an historical king of Uruk in Babylonia, on the River
Euphrates in modern Iraq; he lived about 2700 B.C.
The Flood. The story of the Flood is a familiar one, as we shall see
in Genesis and Popol Vuh (Plato also gives an account of the Flood
and the city of Atlantis in the dialogue, Critias ; the Nez Perce of
the Palouse also have a flood story in which the only humans that
survived did so by climbing the mountain, Yamustus, that is, Steptoe
Butte). The earliest surviving reference to the Flood goes back to
1900 B.C.
http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/worldlit/lit/gilga.html The Epic of
Gilgamesh (Akkadian, ca. 2500-1500 B.C.) Creighton University
http://users.moscow.com/craigs/Gilgamesh.asp
zip36\clipim\99\08\20\gilgepic\gilgepic.htm The
Gilgamesh Epic was discovered, in its most complete form, written
upon twelve clay tablets in the northern-Sumerian dialect of
Akkadian. Written in cuneiform script, the exstant tablet fragments
indicate that each held approximately 300 lines of text written
during the Early Bronze period (3000-2000 BCE). The discovery of the
Gilgamesh poem sparked a veritable revolution in Old Testament
biblical studies. Similarities of certain legends to those found in
the OT were immediately evident
Gilgamesh Epic - Encarta Online Concise
Gilgamesh Epic , an important Middle Eastern literary work, written in
cuneiform on 12 clay tablets about 2000 BC.
http://encarta.msn.com/index/conciseindex/67/067bb000.htm
@@Gish, Duand
Author of "are you brainwashed", see @@books Also with ICR
Pretty much admits scientific creationism isn't scientific.
z49\clip\2001\06\gishdeb.txt
CREATIONISM DEBATE REPORT AND MORE AMMO FOR EVOLUTIONISTS
These quotes from Gish, Morris, et al.
are self-explanatory in their non-scientific approach to science:
"God used processes which are not now operating anywhere in the natural
universe. This is why we refer to divine creation as special creation. We
cannot discover by scientific investigation anything about the creative
processes used by God."
--Duane Gish, Evolution: The Fossils Say No, p. 42
"As a missionary organization, ICR is funded by God's people. We believe God
has raised up ICR to spearhead Biblical Christianity's defense against the
godless dogma of evolutionary humanism. --ICR Webpage
The Shermer-Gish debate was held Friday night, June 1, in Phoenix, Arizona.
@@Gould, Stephen J "Punctuated Equilibrium" "Mismeasure of Man"
Famous popular evolution scientist first popularized the idea of
punctuated equilibrium. The reason we don't see a lot of transitional
fossils that that most of the time species are quite stable separated
by times of relatively rapid change due to changes in environment or
the appearance of a new variation.
Actually, that's a lot of things like cars, computers and stereos
evolve. Once configurations are invented, like the Chrysler minivan,
the front-loading cassette deck, or IBM PC, everybody copies them, and
they don't change very much for a very long time.
He was also famous for his attack in IQ tests "Mismeasure of Man". The
main problem with that book, while attacking all tests that show races
of man differ in IQ scores, he never comes up with proof of his
implied contention that therefore all men must be innately equal by
all measures of intellectual ability.
Readers interested in S. J. Gould might like to see this site which
has lots of stuff. It's part of a large (non-sponsored) site on
rival Richards Dawkins. http://www.spacelab.net/~catalj/the_g_files.htm
MISMEASURE OF MAN IS GUILTY OF CHARGE OF SOCIAL VALUE SCIENCE / MARXISM
z56\clip\2002\05\jenmis.txt
see http://www.mugu.com/cgi-bin/Upstream/jensen-gould-fossils
The Mismeasure of Man
New York: W. W. Norton, 1981
by Stephen Jay Gould
Reviewed by Arthur R. Jensen
[ARTHUR R. JENSEN is Professor of Educational Psychology,
University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.]
"Both the outmoded craniometry of the 19th century and the mental
tests of the present day have stemmed from the false belief that
intelligence is a "thing" in the head, according to the measurement of
which all persons, social classes, and races can be ranked in "mental
worth""
"..charge of a social, value- laden science...however, we recognize
this charge as the keystone of the Marxist interpretation of the
history of science. In this view, science is motivated to promote that
form of socioeconomic class structure that most favors the privileged
elite"
z56\clip\2002\05\gould2.txt
The Scientist Who Wrote Rings Around The Earth
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A47452-2002May20?language=printer
The Scientist Who Wrote Rings Around The Earth By Joel Achenbach
Washington Post Staff Writer Tuesday, May 21, 2002; Page C01
He forcefully argued against the teaching of creationism in schools, a
position that drew a great deal of fire. His book "The Mismeasure of
Man" is perhaps the most influential critique of racist theories in
the study of human intelligence. Critics sometimes called him a
Marxist.
z56\clip\2002\05\gould.txt
http://www.nytimes.com/ads/Harrisdirect.html
Stephen Jay Gould, Biologist and Theorist on Evolution, Dies at 60
May 20, 2002
By CAROL KAESUK YOON
"in 1972, the two proposed the theory of punctuated equilibrium...
According to the theory, there are long periods of time, sometimes
millions of years, during which species change little, if at all.
Intermittently, new species arise and there is rapid evolutionary
change on a geological time scale (still interminably slow on human
time scales) resulting in the sudden appearance of new forms in the
fossil record. "
@@Gradualism
See Punctuated Equilibrium
@@Grand Canyon
The Geology of the Grand Canyon
http://www.kaibab.org/geology/gc_geol.htm A much older range of
mountains, which geologists suspect were much higher than todays
Rocky Mountains and may even have rivaled the Himalayas, now forms
the base of the Grand Canyon. The rocks that made up these mountains
are about 1.7 billion years old, or about one-third the age of our
planet.
By dating the fossils found in the rock of the Kaibab Limestone,
geologists have determined that it is approximately 250 million years
old, and this is the youngest layer.
@@Hebrew Calendar
Year 2000=5760 by the Hebrew Calendar. According to History channel
program on New Years, the date is (as you might suspect from Usher's
calculation = 6000) based on the date of the biblical creation and
Adam and Eve.
@@Himlayas
The Himalayas were created when India met Asia about 70M years ago.
GPS shows it is still moving upwards 2cm north and 6 mm up every
year. Sedimentary rocks and fossils show that it was once seabed.
Tectonic forces lifted rocks more than 26,000 ft from the sea floor.
Creationists believe this proves that the great flood covered all of
the mountains.
Links to himalaya
explanations.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2320crac.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/earth/
http://search.britannica.com/search?adv&cs=igv&category=&domain=®ion=&rating=&f0=&o0=l&q0=Himalayas
http://sunsite1.stanford.edu:8765/query.html?qt=Himalayas&col=releases&ht=0&qp=&qs=&qc=&pw=100%25&ws=0&qm=0&st=1&nh=10&lk=1&rf=1&oq=&rq=0&SearchButton.x=23&SearchButton.y=14
650 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/precambr.htm
514 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/newpage12.htm
458 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/newpage1.htm
425 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/newpage2.htm
390 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/newpage3.htm
356 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/newpage4.htm
306 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/late.htm
255 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/newpage5.htm
237 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/newpage8.htm
200 million years ago
http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/atlanticeruptions990423.html
195 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/jurassic.htm
152 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/late1.htm
94 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/cretaceo.htm
69.4 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/K/t.htm
'Lost continent' discovered
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_353000/353277.stm
Voices for evolution
http://www.natcenscied.org/article.asp?category=2
Fossil ammonites and sedimentary rocks in himalayas.
http://library.thinkquest.org/10131/geology_visual.html
z47\clipim\2001\01\18\himaev\himaev.htm geology.html
Himalayas: Where earth meets sky
@@Horse
z47\clip\2001\01\horse.txt Genetics tell story of taming the horse
Thursday, 1 February 2001 11:43 (ET)
http://www.vny.com/cf/news/upidetail.cfm?QID=156724 By LIDIA
WASOWICZ, UPI Science Writer "The ancestors of modern horses were
captured from a wide area...all other domesticated animals studied
thus far -- cattle, sheep, water buffalo, goats and pigs -- appear to
have derived from a small group tamed in just a handful of places
some 8,000 to 10,000 years ago, the researchers said. horses went
extinct in North America about 9,000 years ago,""
@@Hovind Dr. Kent
One of the most widely known 6-day creationists, videos, live
presentations.
* There isn't any scientific evidence that dinosaurs and trilobites
ever went extinct
* There is evidence of dragons and the Loch Ness Monster.
* They took 2 dinosaurs on the ark, one blue and one pink. The
geologic column is a hoax.
* There is no such thing as prehistory since Adam was an eyewitness to
the creation.
* There is no such thing as Pangea or continental drift, the coasts,
the length of Africa is wrong.
* We are headed for a Satan-controlled One World Government
* The pyramid on the back of the dollar bill is the eye of lucifer the
enlightened one, with steps representing 13 degrees of blue lodges of
the Masonic lodge
* Roman numerals for 1776 is the year the Illuminati started, which
stands for the Enlightened ones, another word for Lucifer.
* The great pyramid was built before the flood as the bible in stone
* TWA flight 800 was shot down by missles because to kill witness against
Clinton
* Oaklahoma city bombing was not a truck bombing, but planted as a
government conspiracy.
* Valujet swamp crash was on purpose, but they missed the target guy.
Internet radio - Creationism Evangelism Seminar
http://www.soundwaves2000.com/freeindeed/ 05-10-02
www.drdino.com
email dino@drdino.com
Critic's sites
http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Temple/9917/hovind/wild_hovind.html
http://www.onthenet.com.au/~stear/kent_hovind%27s_challenge.htm
http://www.onthenet.com.au/~stear/bartelt_dissertation_on_hovind_thesis.htm
you can watch 'Dr.' Kent Hovind , via RealPlayer, at
http://www.horizonsd.org/HSD2/a-v/sermons/books-ra/KH.asp
They have four RealPlayer files dating from an August, 2000 appearance
he made.
@@Hubble Constant
http://www.astro.washington.edu/labs/hubble/index.shtml
A lab where you can compute the value of the hubble constant
and compute the age of the universe yourself.
@@Human
Also see intelligence, If the right fears evolution because it
conflicts with Creation, the left may fear it because evolution may
explain persistent differences in race even with equal economic
decelopment. Phillipe Rushton of Canada has this wierd theory that
the reason that Asians are smarter than Whites than Blacks is because
they are higher up on the evolutionary scale. Also has wierd theories
that size of sexual organs is inversely proportional to health, skull
size and intelligence, widely regarded as racist, but an interesting
correlation if nothing else. His explanations are odd, but if
correlation isn't neccesarily causation, the patterns are worth
noting because his data appears to be correct. Humans are more alike
than different, but may be different enough to account for health and
behavioral differences.
Hominid Precursors
Aegyptopithecus
Proconsul
Australopithecus (Gen.) not found outside of africa. Purely
vegetarian.
A. afarensis
A. africanus
A. robustus
A. boisei
Homo habilis
Homo ergaster - first working man, gathered carcasses to common
location and open bones for marrow. Created specialized tools from
stone. First regular meat eater from body shape and teeth. Tall and
narrow, less apelike. Only meat eaters can have a shorter gut,
tradeoff powers larger brain. Free to follow game, move out of Africa
2M years ago moved out of the rift valley. Evolved into homo erectus
[the human journey]
z50\clip\2001\08\ergas.txt
August 14 2001
Fourth Pre-Human Skull Found in Georgia
TBILISI, Georgia (Reuters) - Georgian archaeologists said on Tuesday
they had unearthed a skull dating back 1.7 million years, similar to
three discovered last year which may represent the first pre-humans
who migrated out of Africa to Europe. [Homo ergaster falls in between
the more primitive Homo habilis and Homo erectus, a robust creature
with advanced stone tools that most scientists thought was the first
to move out of Africa]
Homo erectus - Java man, found across the world
Neanderthals
Archaic Homo sapiens
Cro-Magnon
Homo sapiens
%%Links
Arizona State's Institute of Human Origins,
http://www.asu.edu/clas/iho/
z47\clipim\2000\10\homev\homev.htm
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/6/79.06.02.x.html#b
Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute Home Hominid Evolution by Stephen
P. Broker Excellent overview of evolution and human evolution geared
towards teacher preparation
%%Africans
z56\clip\2002\07\rafonda.txt
http://www.rafonda.com/age.html (blog 2002)
Age and Origin of the Human Species
suggests that speciation
occurred in Eurasia, not in Africa,
z49\clip\2001\04\origins.txt The Nando Times Europe founded by a few
hundred Africans, study finds Genome research at the Whitehead
Institute By EMMA ROSS, Associated Press EDINBURGH, Scotland (April
21 2001) - Modern Europeans, and possibly populations in other
regions of the world, are descended from just a few hundred Africans
who left their homeland as recently as 25,000 years ago, new research
suggests.
z42\clip\2000\05\earlaf.txt Friday, May 12, 2000, 12:00 a.m. Pacific
Fossils show early humans left Africa
http://www.seattletimes.com/news/nation-world/html98/mann12_20000512.html
by Robert Lee Hotz Los Angeles Times Reliably dated to 1.7 million
years ago, the bones offer the earliest known anatomical evidence of
the direct link between humanity's ancestral birthplace in Africa and
the primitive human forebears who colonized much of the rest of the
world.
AFRICANS HAVE MORE DNA MUTATIONS, SO MAY HAVE BEEN FIRST
http://www.usatoday.com/life/science/genetics/lsg010.htm
\clip\97\12\evol.txt USA Today 4/1/97 African origin theory advances
"The new study in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
finds that Africans consistently have a greater number of mutations
than Asians or Europeans, suggesting that modern humans do have an
African beginning. "
%%Apelike
http://www.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/archive/1994/941003/ 941003.science.html
\clip\99\16\onelink.txt October 3, 1994 Volume 144, No. 14 ONE LESS
MISSING LINK Bones from the Ethiopian desert prove that human
ancestors walked the earth 4.4 million years ago BY MICHAEL D.
LEMONICK Reported by Andrea Dorfman/New York "This diminutive,
humanlike creature walked the earth some 4.4 million years ago - half
a million years earlier than the oldest human ancestors ever
identified. That stretches our family tree back almost to the era
when humans and apes branched off from a single ancestor." they were
enclosed in sedimentary rock that was neatly sandwiched between
layers of volcanic ash, which contains radioactive isotopes that make
material easy to date. The volcanic layer just beneath the fossils
turned out to be about 4.4 million years old. That jibes perfectly
with the ages of other fossil animals found, which were already known
from analysis of other sites.
%%Australoid
Australoid originated in Asia 40,000 yrs ago, dark skin adaption to
sulight p. 22 Today's World: The Human Race
%%Biodiversity
HUMANS ARE ADAPTED TO BE DIFFERENT, SO THEY CAN'T BE "EQUAL"
zip38\clip\99\21\saildarw.txt National Post Saturday, November 20,
1999 'A miracle happens here' Most people seem willing to accept
Darwinism as long as they don't have to believe in nothing but
Darwinism by Steve Sailer According to Berkeley anthropologist
Vincent Sarich, no mammal exceeds our species in physical variation,
except for dogs and a few other artificially selected animals.
%%Books
The Epic of Man Editors of Life 1961 val=12.50
Wheel from sumeria
%%Brain Size
Modern human races, even by the most controversial race science is
only about 1%-5% different in brain capacity, "earlier" humans were
significantly different. Common wisdom is that there are no valid
brain measurement methods. However there are no methods which result
in equal or greater sizes for Africans. Asians appear to have only
slightly larger brains. Rushton believes that this is consistent with
the "African Eve" theory of human origins (Stringer & McKie, 1996),
modern humans emerged in Africa some 200,0000 years ago, with an
African/non-African split about 110,000 years ago, and with an
European/East Asian split about 41,000 years ago. Vincent Sarish,
another IQ hawk, disagrees that brain size matters that much by
itself.
http://www.pro-am.com/origins/research/habilis1.htm Homo habilis
Kaveh Nateghi fard@interlog.com T
Cranial capacity in CC
375-485 -2.68 A. africanus
750 -1.73 Homo Habilis
1000 Homo Erectus (1)
1200 Human .25M years ago (1)
1300-1350 1.00 Modern Human
----------------------------------------
1276 Africans (1)
1347 Caucasians (1)
1362 -1.011 US Army AfrAm (1)
1364 Mongloids (1)
1378 1.000 US Army EuroAm (1)
1391 1.009 US Army AsianAm (1)
----------------------------------------
1700 1.23 Neandertal
Worldwide data adjusted for stature
1241 -1.045 African
1297 1.000 European
1308 1.008 E Asian
(1) Rushton 1995, unadjusted, differences greater adjusted for body
weight. Also 2000 z45\clip\2000\08\afrbrain.txt August 13, 2000 J. P.
Rushton
BRAIN AT LIMITS OF EVOLUTION? z54\clip\2002\01\brain.txt Man 'now at
limit of his intelligence'
http://www.portal.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/01/23
/nbt23.html Thursday 23 January 1997 By Robert Uhlig, Technology
Correspondent Researchers at BT's Advanced Applications and
Technologies Laboratories, who examined the ability of the brain to
process information, found that, at best, we are within 20 per cent
of our maximum information processing capacity. Only whales and
dolphins approach this complexity. According to a report in today's
New Scientist, to produce a significant increase in processing power
would require nerve cells to be wider to transmit signals more
quickly.
%%Brazil
8K-10k Brazil Skulls Look African z48\clip\2001\04\brazskul.txt
http://www.sciencenews.org/20010407/fob1.asp Week of April 7, 2001;
Vol. 159, No. 14 Early Brazilians Unveil African Look Bruce Bower
Human skulls unearthed in Brazil and ranging in age from about 8,000
to 11,000 years look more like modern Africans and Australian
aborigines than like modern Asians or Native Americans
%%Chimpanzee
z41\clip\2000\05\chimpsim.txt 98% Alike? (What Our Similarity to Apes
Tells Us About Our Understanding of Genetics) By JONATHAN MARKS
Chronice of Higher Education, 0.5.12 More recently, geneticists have
been able to determine with precision that humans and chimpanzees are
over 98 percent identical genetically, and that figure has become one
of the most well-known factoids in the popular scientific literature.
DNA is 98% common between humans and chimps.
EXN.CA
http://www.exn.ca/html/templates/htmlpage.cfm?ID=20000328-52
Remains of 29,000-year-old infant show we're not Neanderthals and probably
never were March 28, 2000
3.5% between like species humans or neanderthals
6.6-7.5% between humans and neanderthals
%%Collapse
WEATHER DISASTER IS KEY TO SOCIETAL COLLAPSE
z47\clip\2001\01\collap.txt ARCHAEOLOGY: What Drives Societal
Collapse? Harvey Weiss and Raymond S. Bradley [#affiliation] *
Science, 1.1.26 That perspective is now changing with the
accumulation of high-resolution paleoclimatic data... These climatic
events were abrupt, involved new conditions that were unfamiliar to
the inhabitants of the time, and persisted for decades to centuries.
They were therefore highly disruptive, leading to societal collapse
%%Creationist
from RBOCCHINO
"But it is scientifically unresolved whether these remains are
pre-Adamic hominids descended from Adam and Eve, or ancestral to the
post-Adamic humans. " 1) Frank B. Salisbury, The Creation (Salt Lake
City, Utah: Deseret Book, 1976); 2) Eric N. Skousen, Ph.D., Earth: In
The Beginning, (Orem, Utah: Verity Publishing, 1997)
%%Difference
There is less difference between
average white and chinese genetically than in typical crowd
in NYC but not the distinguishing characteristics
Date sent: Mon, 12 Jul 1999 19:53:21 -0400
From: Samson Vermont
The figure of 99.84% common genes between blacks and whites comes
from Cavalli-Sforza's The History and Geography of Human Genes,
Princeton Univ. Press (1994). Regarding the chimp/human distance,
it appears I was a little off. The number is 98.4% common genes (not
98.56%). See Caccone and Powell, "DNA Divergence Among Hominids,"
Evolution 43 (1989); A. Gibbons, "Our Chimp Cousins Get that Much
Closer," Science 250 (1990).
Samson Vermont
http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=23052002-121934-2160r
DNA study reveals racial differences
From the Science & Technology Desk
Published 5/23/2002 2:05 PM
CAMBRIDGE, Mass., May 23 (UPI) -- A mosaic pattern of DNA variations
consistent across all races promises to help medical scientists unravel the
origins of diseases as well as chart the evolution of human populations, an
international research team reported Thursday.
%%DNA
MODERN MUNGO AS DIFFERENT AS NEANDERTHAL WAS
z47\clip\2001\01\mung2.txt
http://www.sciam.com/explorations/2001/012901human/ The Modern Human
Origins Morass Recent studies support a controversial theory of human
evolution In the January 16 Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, Gregory J. Adcock of the Pierre and Marie Curie University
in Paris and his colleagues extracted and analyzed mtDNA from
Australian fossils representing anatomically modern humans. One of
these, a specimen known as Lake Mungo 3 (LM3), dates to approximately
62,000 years old. As such, the LM3 mtDNA is the oldest known for a
modern. They discovered that the LM3 mtDNA differed from that of
living people as much as the Neandertal mtDNA did.
z47\clip\2001\dnafrom.txt Cover Story 1/29/01 USNWR
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/010129/migration.htm Where We Come
From Recent advances in genetics are starting to illuminate the
wanderings of early humans "You literally have a genetic clock."
Wallace proved that point in 1980, when he was able to differentiate
people from Europe, Asia, and Africa by comparing their DNA.
z47\clip\2000\12\dnatree.txt
http://helix.nature.com/nsu/001207/001207-8.html Nature-science
update Thursday 7 December 2000 relics : Humans did come out of
Africa, says DNA JEREMY THOMSON Researchers led by Ulf Gyllensten of
the University of Uppsala in Sweden have found evidence that we are
all descended from a single ancestral group that lived in Africa
about 170,000 years ago1. And they suggest that modern humans spread
across the globe from Africa in an exodus that took place only around
50,000 years ago.
HUMAN DNA SHOWS 10 ADAM 10 EVE z41\clip\2000\05\adam.txt
http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/050200sci-genetics-evolution.html
The Human Family Tree: 10 Adams and 18 Eves By NICHOLAS WADE NYT,
0.5.2 geneticists, by tracing the DNA patterns found in people
throughout the world, have now identified lineages descended from 10
sons of a genetic Adam and 18 daughters of Eve. The split between
the two main branches in the European tree suggests that modern
humans reached Europe 39,000 to 51,000 years ago, Dr. Wallace
calculates, a time that corresponds with the archaeological date of
at least 35,000 years ago. In Asia there is an ancestral lineage
known as M, with descendant branches E, F and G as well as the A
through D lineages also found in the Americas.
%%Earliest
6M YEAR OLD IS OLDEST HOMINID FOUND
z47\clip\2000\12\milman.txt Monday December 4, 1:20 PM Scientists
find fossils of man's earliest ancestor By David Fox NAIROBI
(Reuters) - French and Kenyan scientists have unearthed fossilised
remains of mankind's earliest known ancestor ..It is at least six
million years old, which means it is older than the (previously
oldest) remains found at Aramis in Ethiopia, which were 4.5 million
years old. strata from where the fossils were recovered [proven
twice] to show an age of six million years.
\clipim\99\10\15\early\early.htm http://piopio.school.nz/earlhomo.htm
Earliest Homo Fossil Found November 19, 1996 By John Noble Wilford
c.1996 N.Y. Times News Service The fossil was found in sediments with
a scattering of crude stone tools, the earliest association between
Homo remains and such artifacts. Some suspect ..colder global
climate, beginning about 2.7 million years ago.. the Lucy species,
split into at least two lineages, A. africanus and A. aethiopicus,
and a third group may have appeared as well -- Homo.
Australopithecus afarensis, which lived from 3.9 million years ago to
at least 3 million Since the earliest evidence of tools is dated at
2.6 million years ago, he said, it is possible that small-brained
hominids were the first toolmakers, with brain expansion coming later
as one consequence of stone technology. I think we now know Homo
existed probably as early as 2.5 million years ago.'' Dr. Tim D.
White of the University of California at Berkeley identified an even
ore apelike hominid, the 4.4-million-year-old Ardipithecus ramidus,
from fossils found in Ethiopia. Both show early evidence for the
transition to upright walking. ...discovery in the 1970s of the
``Lucy'' skeleton, a 3.18-million-year-old ancestral hominid later
designated Australopithecus afarensis.
%%European
z49\clip\2001\05\eurohomo.txt Northern Europeans descend from tiny
group, scientists find
http://www.nationalpost.com/news/world/story.html?f=/stories/20010510/558662.h
tml BOSTON - All humans of northern European ancestry are descended
from a tiny group of cave men -- perhaps only 10 people, and no more
than 50 -- researchers have discovered. The small group formed a
bottleneck, squeezing all the genes of northern Europe through a few
individuals 30,000 to 50,000 years ago eople in Nigeria, whose
ancestors didn't get whittled down to just a few individuals in the
forests of ancient Europe, had seven times more variation in their
DNA than the Swedes, Germans and others in northern Europe.
%%Eve
[eve1]
2000: ALL HUMANS SHARE ANCESTOR DUBBED EVE 150,000 YRS AGO
z55\clip\2002\04\eve.txt
http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/realeve/feature/feature.html
Eve Explained: How Ancient Humans Spread Across the Earth
By William F. Allman
"two decades ago scientists stunned the world with the
finding, based on genetic research, that all humans alive today can
claim as a common ancestor a woman who lived in Africa some 150,000
years ago — dubbed, inevitably, "Eve."
%%Footprints
3.5 million year old footprints are the world's oldest evidence of
upright walking - southern apes. Created by rain after ash fall.
%%General
Australophithecus http://www.pro-am.com/origins/research/austgen1.htm
Kaveh Nateghi fard@interlog.com The earliest modern human
predecessors belong to a species of ape-like creatures of the genus
Australopithecus, who inhabited southern and central Africa during
the Pliocene era at the minimum of 5.5 million years ago.
Origins of Human Kind
Australopithecus afarensis
\clipim\99\10\15\origins\origins.htm
http://www.pro-am.com/origins/research/austafar.htm
links to all types.
A. afarensis was less than 1.5 meters
tall, bipedal, brain 1/3 size of modern
brain was about the size of chimpanzee, but built
for upright walking.
http://sciences.homepage.com/genus.htm
Development of the Genus Homo
Homo habilis, "early Homo" 2.5-1.4 mya (Handy man)
Brain about 1/3 modern, 3.5 ft high
Homo erectus, 1.8 mya-400 kya
\clipim\99\10\13\herectus\herectus.htm
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis "Neandertals", ~300 kya - 30 kya
neander.htm
H. sapiens sapiens ~120 kya to present
http://www.pro-am.com/origins/research/habilis1.htm Homo habilis
Kaveh Nateghi fard@interlog.com The first ever fossil remains of Homo
habilis were discovered in 1964 by the Leakeys. Fossils uncovered in
Tanzania date back about 1.8 to 2 million years. A. africanus had a
cranial capacity that averaged between 375 cu cm (22.9 cu in) and 485
cu cm (29.6 cu in), the Homo habilis brain averaged 750 cu cm (45.8
cu in)--compared to the modern human brain size of 1,300 to 1,350 cu
cm (or 79.3 to 82.4 cu in)
zip38\clip\99\19\habilis1.htm
Study Alters Time Line for the Splitting of Human Populations
http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/031699sci- early-human.html
\clip\99\09\split.txt
By NICHOLAS WADE "The ancestors of Africans and non-Africans split
apart almost 200,000 years ago, much earlier than previously thought,
a study of DNA in living populations has found. The estimate is so
early that it precedes by some 70,000 years the first known fossils
of modern humans. The study, published in today's Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, also reports the first fixed DNA
difference between African and non-African populations. The
difference, which may be rendered less absolute when more people are
tested, is in a single chemical unit of DNA that has no functional
significance. Several geneticists said the finding did not alter the
well-established fact that different racial groups differ very little
at the genetic level."
AFRICA VS. MULTIREGIONAL MODEL
\clip\99\05\humev.txt
http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc99/2_6_99/bob1.htm
February 6, 1999
DNA's Evolutionary Dilemma
Genetic studies collide with the mystery of human evolution
By Bruce Bower
* investigators concluded that modern humans probably arose in Africa
around 200,000 years ago and then spread elsewhere, replacing
Neandertals and any other species in our evolutionary past
* genetic findings that fit just as easily into a contrasting
multiregional model. That is, populations of H. sapiens living in
different parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe interbred enough over at
least the past 1 million years to evolve collectively as a single
species.
\clip\97\17\neand.txt Seattle Times Company Friday, July 11, 1997
Neandertals are not linked to humans, says study by Robert Lee Hotz
Los Angeles Times
USENET THREAD ON WHETHER ASIANS ARE
CLOSER TO WHITES OR AFRICANS (They're probably close to whites)
by U Thant
THE ASIANS DISCOVERED AND SETTLED AMERICA (Why Michelle Kwan can play
Pocahontas...)
http://www.seattletimes.com/topstories/browse/html97/asia_ 021797.html
c:\clip\97\04\asiadisc.txt Feb. 17, 1997 Asians or Polynesians got
here first, panelists believe Scientists finding clues to support
longstanding idea
ORIGINAL HUMAN MIGRATION WAS FROM AFRICA
New York Times June 4, 1996 More Recent Migration of Humans From
Africa Is Seen in DNA Study By KAREN FREEMAN. New evidence is that
common migration from Africa might be as soon as 20,000 years ago.
\priv\96\19\AFRICA.HTM
%%Genetic Analysis
SCIENTISTS FIND ONLY 1/2 AS MANY HUMAN GENES AS EXPECTED
z48\clip\2001\02\fewgene.txt
http://dsc.discovery.com/news/reu/20010212/genome.html Study: Humans
Have Few Genes "there is no genetic basis for what people describe as
race, and found only a few small differences set one person apart
from another. "You and I differ by 2.1 million genetic letters from
each other,""
http://www.discovery.com/news/briefs/20001109/hi_europepop.html
z46\clip\2000\11\10fath.txt Discovery.com November 9, 2000 SEARCH 10
Men Fathered Europe By Diane Kightlinger, Discovery.com News Nov. 9,
2000 — More than 95 percent of European men today descended from just
10 possible male ancestors, a new genetic study shows. .. present
European population evolved from the merging of local populations
during the Paleolithic period — between 2 million and 13,000 B.C. —
and farmers arriving during the Neolithic — 7,000 to 3,000 B.C.
z46\clip\2000\11\genehist.txt Scientists Rough Out Humanity's
50,000-Year-Old Story
http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/14/science/14ORIG.html November 14,
2000 By NICHOLAS WADE archaeologists and population geneticists
believe they are on the verge of retrieving a record of human history
stretching back almost 50,000 years. ... geneticists are now
improving their dating methods, even though the dates are still very
approximate, to the point that they can begin to correlate their
findings with the archaeologists'.... Analysis of the Y chromosome
has already yielded interesting results. ...considerable similarity
between Jews and Israeli and Palestinian Arabs, as if the Y
chromosomes of both groups had been drawn from a common population
that began to expand 7,800 years ago.
%%Hand
Scientific American Frontiers Life's Really Big Questions
Dec 19, 2000 PBS
z47\clipim\2000\12\20\lucy\lucy.htm
http://www.pbs.org/saf/1103/features/meetlucy.htm
Lucy had a brain like a chimp, but a body and hands and legs that
worked like humans. It is now thought that the body is what later
drove the size of the brain by enabling making tools, and it's the
pinky, not the thumb that makes making stone tools practical.
%%Homo erectus
Discovering Archaeoligy Sept 1999
p85 1.8-300,000 yr ago
brain 800-1,000 cc vs 1100-1400
tools simple choppers to hand axe
span - 1.5m years
fire - first
range - across africa, europe, asia
height up to 6 ft, lean rugged bones
speech - barely or none
art - no
evolution - between homo habilis and homo sapiens / neandertal
[[China
NANJING MAN SHOWS MAN EVOLVED OUTSIDE OF AFRICA TOO
z48\clip\2001\03\nanjing.txt
http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/20010220/sc/evolution_china_dc_1.html
Tuesday February 20 9:43 PM ET China's 'Nanjing Man' Challenges Out
of Africa Theory By Michael Perry SYDNEY (Reuters) - Australian and
Chinese scientists have dated China's ``Nanjing Man'' as 580,000 to
620,000 years old, further supporting a multi-regional theory of
human evolution which argues Asians evolved locally and not out of
Africa. Homo erectus ``Nanjing Man,'' a male and female skull
discovered in 1993 in Tangshan Cave near Shanghai
%%Java Man
Homo Erectus / Ergaster arrived 2 mya, lived until 50,000 years ago
until displaced by homo sapiens. They came out of the first "out of
Africa" migration 2 million years ago and spread across Europe and
Asia. They were thought to be ancestral to modern humans, but might
just be another branch on the family tree. More likely is that they
were ancestral to Neanderthal.
HOMO ERECTUS NOT ANCESTOR BUT ANOTHER FAMILY BRANCH.
z47\clip\2001\01\javaman.txt January 10, 2001 BOOKS OF THE TIMES
'Java Man': Aliens on Earth: We Used to Call Them Ancestors By
RICHARD BERNSTEIN JAVA MAN How Two Geologists' Dramatic Discoveries
Changed Our Understanding of the Evolutionary Path to Modern Humans
By Carl C. Swisher III, Garniss H. Curtis and Roger Lewin.
Illustrated. 256 pages. Scribner. $27.50.
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/10/arts/10BERN.html?pagewanted=all
Mr. Curtis and Mr. Swisher found that the Ngandong
skulls are only about 50,000 years old. This would mean, first, as the
authors write, that "Homo erectus had survived in Java until perhaps 53,000
years ago, and maybe as recently as 27,000 years ago."
%%Language
SIBERIAN LANAGUAGE LINKS NATIVE AMERICANS, ASIA
http://cnn.com/TECH/science/9811/08/science.languages.reut/ Obscure
language links Asians and Native Americans November 8, 1998 [Graphic]
* Speakers formed a single population * Similar words for birch bark
* Evidence of several migrations Merritt Ruhlen of Stanford
University has found compelling similarities between Ket, a language
spoken by just 500 people in remote Siberia, and Na-Dene, a family of
Native American languages.
%%Lucy
Named for Beatles song when they found this fossil in Ethiopia in
1974. Head not much bigger than baseball, not very close to a human,
but an upright walker built like a large-brained hominid. This was
the first really old (3.5mya) complete skeleton found. Lucy was an
Australopithecine, and the they are a different genus from our own
genus Homo. Until 2000, was thought to be earliest human ancestor,
but beaten out by "millenium man" who is much earlier and human-like.
Excerpt from Johanson's book on Lucy
http://www.dla.utexas.edu/depts/anthro/courses/98spring/selby302/lecture2.html
The meaning of progress z47\clipim\2001\18\progress\progress.htm
"Others were not human. Lucy was not. No matter what kind of clothes
were put on Lucy, she would not look like a human being. She was too
far back, out of the human range entirely."
MILLENIUIM MAN DISPLACES LUCY AS EARLIEST ANCESTOR 6M
z48\clip\2001\02\lucy2.txt http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com
Seattle Times February 07, 2001 Fossils cast doubt on `Lucy' as human
type, finders say more humanlike and, at 6 million years, nearly
twice as old as the remains of "Lucy" -- a finding bound to fuel
controversy over the origins of man.
%%Lucy's Knee
Creationists claim Lucy's knee was found far away, this has been
discredited, but even after retractions, they continue to say this.
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/knee-joint.html
%%Menopause
Date sent: Wed, 10 Mar 1999 18:59:28 -0500 From: "J. P. Rushton" you
might want to look at menopause in cultural and ethnic context as
differences in timing. I believe that African women (and their
descendants) are earlier than European women (and their descendants)
who are earlier than East Asian women (and their descendants). This
same pattern is found for most life-history periods of maturation and
suggests some genetic coding and alliance with other suites of
behavioral characteristics. Just a thought. --Phil Rushton
Some info in Race, Evolution, and Behavior especially in chapter 7 on
maturation rates
MILLENIUM MAN DISPLACES LUCY AS EARLIEST ANCESTOR 6M
z48\clip\2001\02\lucy2.txt http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com
Seattle Times February 07, 2001 Fossils cast doubt on `Lucy' as human
type, finders say more humanlike and, at 6 million years, nearly
twice as old as the remains of "Lucy" -- a finding bound to fuel
controversy over the origins of man.
%%Mongoloid
Mongoloid originated in Asia 40,000 yrs ago, expanded into Americas and
Polynesia. Flat face, nose, flap of skin above eye are adaptions to
cold p. 22 Today's World: The Human Race
%%Mungo Man
z47\clip\2001\01\mungo2.txt
http://www.theage.com.au/news/2001/01/13/FFX4PGY4VHC.html Mungo jumbo
By PENNY FANNIN Saturday 13 January 2001 Mungo Woman. Radio-carbon
dating showed she had died between 24,500 and 26,500 years ago.
Easteal found that Mungo Man's DNA bore no similarity to the DNA from
any other sample. [Thorne claims this disproves Out of Africa]
http://www.newscientist.com/dailynews/news.jsp?id=ns9999307 The
oldest human DNA ever recovered dents the "out-of-Africa" theory A
man who died about 60,000 years ago in Australia could force a
rethink of our theory of human origins. [his DNA is extinct even
though he looks like a modern man, if he were from Africa, he should
be similar to modern humans]
%%Peking Man
From 1927, caves near Peking show 400,000 year old remains of humans
very similar to moderns, but with skull with small forehead, 4/5
brain size. p. 403 Life Our Century in Pictures.
%%Piltdown Man
Hoax widely cited by creationists
z51\clip\2001\08\piltdown.txt NYT AUG 21, 2001 E. T. Hall,
Archaeologist Who Debunked Piltdown Man, Dies at 77 By WOLFGANG SAXON
E. T. Hall, an archaeologist and art historian who devised scientific
tools used to unmask the fraudulent Piltdown Man and to try to
determine the Shroud of Turin's age, died Aug. 11 in Oxford, England.
He was 77. He first came to public notice in the 1950's with the
revelation that Piltdown Man, once believed to represent the "missing
link," was an elaborate hoax whose authorship has never been firmly
established. the jaw later turned out to be the doctored bones of an
orangutan.
%%Primates
\doc\web\99\07\humev.txt humans
chimp 98% common dna but humans evolved faster
%%Race
Human races have evolved as adaptations to local conditions.
Creationists believe all are descendants of the sons of Noah. Sforza
has done the most work in mapping races, yet he says there are not
distinct, pure races.
CAVALLI SAYS THERE IS NO RACE, BUT HAS 4 ETHNIC REGIONS...
z55\clip\2002\02\whoare.txt
Who are We?
http://www.science-spirit.org/articles/printerfriendly.cfm?article_id=280
by Jill Neimark The Secrets of Blood Priests, Slaves, and Rebels
The Crimes of Culture Race, Genome, and God
Cavalli will gladly tell you there is no such thing
as race, Marks says, but his genetic diversity map has four color-coded
ethnic regions.
The [Bell Curve] relied
in part on the work of geneticist Philippe Rushton, a professor at the
University of Western Ontario in Canada.
ETHNIC GROUPS ENGINEERED UNDER INFLUENCE OF WHERE THEY SETTLED
z45\clip\2000\08\sforz2.txt CHAPTER ONE Genes, Peoples, and Languages
By LUIGI LUCA CAVALLI-SFORZA North Point Press Exposure to a new
environment inevitably causes an adaptation to it. In the
50,000-100,000 years since the African diaspora, there has been an
opportunity for substantial adaptation, both cultural and biological.
We can see traces of the latter in skin color and in size and shape
of the nose, eyes, head, and body. One can say that each ethnic
group has been genetically engineered under the influence of the
environments where it settled. Black skin color protects those who
live near the equator from burning under the sun's ultraviolet
radiation, which can also lead to deadly skin cancers.
In more recent times, the careful genetic study of hidden variation,
unrelated to climate, has confirmed that homogeneous races do not
exist. It is not only true that racial purity does not exist in
nature: it is entirely unachievable, and would not be desirable.
HUMAN RACES ARE DIFFERENT BUT NOT DISTINCT (?!)
z45\clip\2000\08\sforza.txt August 20, 2000 How Far From the Tree?
Reconstructing our evolutionary history using modern genetic data.
By MARK RIDLEY GENES, PEOPLES, AND LANGUAGES By Luigi Luca
Cavalli-Sforza. Translated by Mark Seielstad. 228 pp. New York:
North Point Press/Farrar, Straus & Giroux. $24. A major achievement
of human genetics has been exploding the theory that races are
genetically distinct. The reality would be a blurry mess. But that is
exactly what ancestral relations are like within the human species.
It is difficult to say what a tree means when its branches are within
one species, and Cavalli-Sforza says little about that question.
z40\clip\2000\04\sforza.txt SFORZA UNITES THE RACES BY CONNECTING
YHEM? April 1, 2000 Dismantling Race and Unifying the Human Species
By EDWARD ROTHSTEIN one of Mr. Cavalli-Sforza's great achievements is
that he straddles the divide. There may be no contemporary scholar
who has a more detailed understanding of human diversity or a more
compelling vision of its unified history. ..why Mr. Cavalli-Sforza
begins "Genes, Peoples and Languages,"a compressed yet wide-ranging
survey of his ideas, by dismantling the idea of race. He argues that
the differences commonly associated with race are purely a matter of
surface appearance, adaptations by various populations to the
climates in which they evolved.
PHYSICAL EVOLUTION FOLLOWS LANGUAGE EVOLUTION
z40\clipim\2000\04\01\mother.efx The Mother Tongue US News and World
Report Nov 5, 1990 Has tree of language and physical relationship of
races. "It's quite clear why you have a correlation between genes and
language", says Stanford University geneticist Luigi Cavalli-Sforza,
a pioneer in the new genetic techniques.. As the genes became
different, the languages become different too"
from Mankind Quarterly, Vol. 35 (Winter 1994) No. 1-2, 71-108. Posted
with permission of Mankind Quarterly, Institute for the Study of Man,
1133 13th St., N. W., Suite C-2, 20005 (Telephone 202-371-2700).
Based on gene similarity analysis, man has branched out in the following
order:
African
--------+ Australian
+ SE Asians
+ NE Asians, Arctic Asians Am Indians
+ Europeans
Says southern Chinese more like Filipinos than northern Chinese.
---------------------------------------------------
RACE SCIENCE = RACISM? EVOLUTION AS EXPLANATION / JUSTIFICATION FOR
RACES?
The Christian right detests evolution because it conflicts with the
geneology of Adam and Noah, but the left may detest it because
evolution may explain why the races may never be totally equal, no
matter how developed.
J. Philippe Rushton's "Race, Evolution and Behavior: a life history
perspective" transaction (1995) is an obscure but controversial and
fascinating book. Going far beyond IQ, Rushton identifies a pile of
traits which rank humans in the order from African to European to
Asian. He takes r-k theory, a tradeoff between many offspring and
fewer "smarter" offspring to explain many of the differences in
physical and behavioral traits between the races, just as they
explain differences between species. By this theory, Asians, not
Europeans are the most highly evolved for intelligence (if not
economic developement, which appears to have been won, at least by
the 20th Century by the Europeans) and health factors. The Africans,
by contrast are the original model, adapted well enough for Africa,
but not as well adapted for colder climates which require more
cognitive talents. AHU comment - civilization can and has reduced
differences between the races enormously to the point where the
average African American is far more economically advanced than the
average NE Asian Chinese peasant. My opinion is that any "innate"
differences are merely obstacles to overcome, not justification for
preventing developing any human to less than their full potential.
He cites data on p. 6 from Stringer C.B. & Andrews P. 1988 Genetic
and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans.
200,000 years ago Africans emerge from other hominids
110,000 years ago Euro/Asians split
41,000 years ago NE Asians split
SE Asians may be a mixture with
what were originally Australian aborigines who dominated SE Asia.
%%Shoe
World's oldest shoes in Oregon Seattle Times Dec 1, 1999. 10,000
year-old sandals found in 1938 among 70 pairs unearthed with cave.
Expert proclaims items found in Ore desert cave to be oldest in
world. Sandals found below Mazama 7,500 yr ash layer. Found in sizes
from child to adult, caked in mud
z39\clipim\99\12\05\shoes.gif
%%Skin Color
Rushton: As for pubic and oral areas being less red this may possibly
be due to the extra layer of subcutaneous fat Orientals have (an
adaptation against cold of northeast asia whwre they evolved 40 to 10
thousand years ago). Orinetal skin is as white as European (I
believe) but the 'yellow" look comes from the blood vessels not being
as visible as in Europeans due to this extra fat deposit. This may
clear up a certain mystery? All best, Phil
%%workday
z48\doc\web\2001\02\origaff.txt JOURNAL of ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Volume 56, Number 3, Abstract THE DARKER SIDE OF THE "ORIGINAL
AFFLUENT SOCIETY" David Kaplan Anthropology Department, Brandeis
University, Walthum, MA 02254-9110 Hunter gatherers emerged from the
"Man the Hunter" conference in 1966 as the "original affluent
society." [but concludes it's probably wrong]
http://www.dla.utexas.edu/deps/anthro/courses/98spring/selby302/lecture2.html
Robbins argument: It was the original affluent society, two hours of
subsistence per diem. Kung bushmen did not spend much time getting
food. About 2.3 days at work of 6 hors, overall 20 hrs of work per
week, most active about 32 hours a week. Robbins calls it
intensification. Kuikuru of rain forests in Brazil work only 2 hrs
per day. 3,000 acres feed 100 families.
@@Hovind, Dr. Kent
PhD in education, taught high school science. Very popular Christian
proponent of 6x24hr day earth, and that dinosaurs may still be living
with us today, the gas you put into your car may contain pre-flood
people as well as dinosaurs in it. $250,000 bet if you can come up
with any evidence (well, that he'll accept) that the earth is more
than 6,000 years old. Lucy's knee was gathered miles away, dinos are
big lizards, the pleisosaur is a dinosaur (it's a reptile), there
were dinosaurs in China and on pottery.
http://216.248.142.66/index.jsp
Creation Science Evangelism
Dr. Kent Hovind's website
@@Hutton, James Founder of Modern Geology 1788
18th century first theorized that the earth was formed by very slow
processes of sedimentation and uplift and erosion, it was in stark
contrast to church view that the land was created all at once.
"Uniformitarianism" is process of natural process rather than
supernatural flood shaping the land.
zip38\clip\99\19\notes.htm
http://geoserv.geology.wmich.edu/dave/geol435/notes.htm INTRODUCTION
TO SEDIMENTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY
Earth Rvealed - noticed that granite formed unconformity through
strata, conflicted with biblical view that earth was created at once.
"no vestige of beginning, no evidence of end". First to theorize
geologic time
The Scots Magazine - Feature
THE ROCKS REMAIN Tom Weir visits the scene of James Hutton's
greatest geological discovery. READERS of the July issue may recall my
promise to write about the bi-centenary of James Hutton, the
self-taught geologist who died in 1797 and is revered..
6/17/98 http://www.scotsmagazine.com/smft0997.htm
zip38\clipim\99\10\25\hutton\hutton.htm
When James Hutton and his enlightened friends pursued their different
sciences, the Christian world believed that the Earth was created
about 4000 BC. Today, two centuries after James Hutton read the truth
in the rocks, scientists estimate the age of the Earth to be four and
a half thousand million years old.
The Genesis of Man http://cyberfair.gsn.org/adelaar/ The earth until
the late 18th century the prevailing view was that the Earth was
basically volcanic in origin, and that sedimentary rocks,
particularly those containing fossils, were the result of
catastrophes such as volcanic eruptions or the biblical flood. Such
animal remains were termed antediluvian - from "before the deluge".
This view was challenged in 1788 by the work of William Hutton, an
Edinburgh doctor and scientist. He was intrigued by geological
unconformities, in which rocks of strikingly different types are in
direct contact and lie on top of each other. Hutton stated that this
dynamic process had occurred uniformly and continuously for many
millennia. The principal was termed Uniformitarianism, and it was
finally made widely known and understood by John Playfair in 1802 and
Charles Lyell in 1838.
@@Ice Age
%%creation
Ice ages claimed not be consistent
with evolution Actually, it has everything to do with it, how
else would you explain the Ice Ages for example? 1.Why did the
glacial sheet, in the southern hemisphere, move from the tropical
regions of africa toward the south polar region and not in the
opposite direction...? [with debunking response]
%%evolution
http://encarta.msn.com/index/conciseindex/48/04874000.htm Earth
entered last ice age 2.5 million years ago. Every 150 million years,
the galactic environment appears to change. Cold and warm phase have
100,000 year cycles
ICE AGE WAS 10F COLDER THAN NOW
Scientist's climiate of controversy Seattle Times April 16, 2000
earth's avg temp was only 9F deg colder during the last ice age, in
the 50th century, surface temp up by 1F Intergovernment Panel on
Climate Change projects 2.5-8 in 21st century
%%flood
The Pacific Northwest had some of the largest floods in the world
Ice Age floods left their mark Linda Ashton Seattle Times June 4,
2000 12,000 years ago, ice dam in Montana broke and carved out the
Columbia River basin. Water at 65 mph carried boulders as big as
houses from Canadian rockies to Eugene. They occured 4-5 or as many
as 100 times
%%planet
Life's Really Big Questions Scientific American Frontiers Dec 19,
2000 PBS http://www.pbs.org/saf/1103/features/deepfreeze.htm In
"Noah's Snowball", 600 million years ago, the Earth cooled a few
degrees, setting off a feedback loop that left the entire planet
entombed in ice miles thick. The Earth's volcanoes, however, reversed
the trend by belching carbon dioxide, the now notorious greenhouse
gas, into the atmosphere. Within a hundred years, the planet's
climate flip-flopped from the coldest it's ever been to the warmest
triggering the cambrian explosion.
@@Ice Cores
%%Creationist
Hovind National Ice core laboratory denver core from greenland 10,000
ft claims rings are warm/cold, not years Scientific am feb 1998 p. 82
135,000 annual ringd The lost squadron p38 1990 263 ft of ice
creation ex nihlo june-aug 1997 p. 13 800-350-3232 5.5 ft per yr,
10000 ft = 18324, 4400 yrs to accumulate since flood is no problem
why not more ice . hundreds of layers of ice
mommy1995 During the ice age layers of
ice were compacted so tightely that the age of the ice was once upon
a time mistaken.
Subject: How do YE creationists explain the Greenland ice cores?
Date: 1998/07/08 Author: mike.darnell "The ice
sheet "archive" was created as snow fell over Greenland year after
year, trappi ng the gases, chemicals, and dust of the atmosphere, and
eventually compressing into ice. The GISP2 core, along with a
complementary core drilled by the European Greenland Ice Core Project
(GRIP), spans more than 100,000 years of climate history."
For details, see: http://www.geo.nsf.gov/adgeo/press/pr9456. htm
Richard Harter, cri@tiac.net, The Concord Research Institute
From the creationist FAQ: Q: What about the Antarctic ice core data?
A: Now I put it to you. Coop up a bunch of men in a Quonset hut in
the worst weather in the world, with nothing to do but gather data
and drink, and what do you expect?
maycock@andrews.edu One creationist told me that she thinks the
determination of the number of layers is "just extrapolation," and
that the layers have been too distorted to be accurately counted. But
the best evidence indicates that the counts are fairly reliable
(extremely accurate for the more recent layers, i.e., the last 11,500
years), so this argument against creationism seems to be valid.
P38 I've been given a couple of
copies of the journal Creation ex nihilo. In the august 1997 issue
they question the reliability of ice cores. A squadron of P38s and
B17s that were ditched in Greenland July 15 1942 were recovered in
1992 75 m beneath the surface. They are unlikely to have sunk to
that depth since a P38 exerts a pressure of 0.18 tonnes/ square
metre, which would only decrease the melting point by 1/5000 of a
degree. That would make the 3000 m ice core retrieved in Greenland
in 1990 possibly only 2000 years old. [followed by debunking]
%%General
link
1998/07/11 Author: Don Lindsay
http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~lindsay/creation/icecap.html you will
discover that direct layer counting has been done to layer 50,000.
And, there are multiple evidences that the count is a correct count
of 50,000 years, plus or minus 5 percent. For instance, carbon
dating of pollen and soot has been done at many layers.
100,000 YRS OF HISTORY IN ICE CORE FROM CHINA
zip36\clip\99\16\chinice.txt
http://www.apnet.com/inscight/06201997/graphb.htm From the SCiENCE
newsroom Posted 20 June 1997, 5 pm PST Hot News From Chinese Ice It's
hard to imagine the Dalai Lama in Bermuda shorts, but a new climate
record suggests that thousands of years ago, the Tibetan Plateau may
have been toasty warm.
zip36\clipim\99\08\24\icecores\icecores.htm
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/icecores.html From the data gathered
from the Vostok ice-core indicates that the minimum age of the earth
is 160,000 +- 15,000 years. The Vostok ice-core shows no effects of
catastrophic geological changes. By this I mean no petroleum, no
vermin, no weird Venus gasses, no red snow, no manna in amongst the
layers. Also no evidence for rapid rotational changes in the earth,
no floods, no major asteroid bombardments.
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-noahs-ark.html#implications Why
is there no evidence of a flood in ice core series? Ice cores from
Greenland have been dated back more than 40,000 years by counting
annual layers. [Johnsen et al, 1992; Alley et al, 1993] A A worldwide
flood would be expected to leave a layer of sediments, noticeable
changes in salinity and oxygen isotope ratios, fractures from
buoyancy and thermal stresses, a hiatus in trapped air bubbles, and
probably other evidence.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/warnings/stories/
\clip\99\16\icecore.txt Stories in the Ice by Peter Tyson Online
\zip36\clipim\99\08\24\icecore\icecore.htm Producer, NOVA Nature's
Time Machine How would you like to have a time machine that could
take you back anywhere over the past 300,000 years? You could see
what the world was like when ice sheets a thousand feet thick
blanketed Canada and northern Europe, or when the Indonesian volcano
Toba blew its top in the largest volcanic eruption of the last half
million years. Well, scientists have such a time machine. It's
called an ice core.
@@Iceman
June 1993 Natl Geographic p. 36 Died 3000 BC Copper Age 4000-2200 bc
Oldest copper 8000 BC. Copper age: milk cow, butter, cheese
oldest wheel 3200 bc. Oldest plow 6,000
@@Indus
Re: Oldest Civilization Date: 1999/08/12 Author: padhu1
The oldest known civilization known as the Indus
Valley Civilization which was centred with the twin cities of
Mohenjadaro and Harrappa. The archaeology experts state this
civilization should have existed nearly 5000 years back and extended
for nearly 400 Kms approx. Lot of exavacation have been found. The
script of the civilization has not been deciphered clearly. It is
believed that the Dravidians or original aborginees of India were the
inhabitants of this civilization. Till date the reason for the
extinction is unclear. Their lot of view points debatable. The
picture photographs of the site is available in lot of sites
http://www.harappa.com/indus/slideindex.html
@@In Place
According to the Rabbi God ("Hashem"
translated as "The Name") created the universe in one utterance. It
is a simple matter for Hashem to have created billions of years of
history in that one utterance as well. So Life was created some
thousands of years ago with all of its history already in place. It
is therefore not surprising that scientists today find evidence of
evolution and theories dating the inception of life back billions of
years. The All-Powerful Hashem simply put it all there in an instant
at the moment of creation.
@@India
http://www.stockton.edu/~gilmorew/consorti/1bindia.htm Indian
civilization, which is one of the oldest civilization on the earth
and the first in South Asia, first developed sizable urban
communities along the Indus River Valley and its tributary system,
centered in the area of contemporary Pakistan, in the 3rd millennium
B.C.E. Two prominent cities at the core of Indus River Valley
civilization-- Harappa and Mohenjo-daro-- exelled in urban planning,
hydraulic engineering, and sophisticated sculptural renderings.
@@Intelligent Design
These guys believe in the big bang and scientific evidence but they
believe that the existence of information in DNA code could not be
constructed by chance (well, maybe some random mutations, but not the
whole thing...) So evolution isn't wrong, it's just not random. If
you rolled a dice 5 times, you wouldn't get a blueprint for a monkey.
(yeah, but what you rolled a universe worth of particles for 14 billion
years???)
I disagree with the idea that random rocks are not evidence of
intelligent design while DNA codes are. If God created all things
living and non-living, then the mountains and oceans and stars are
just as much his creations as his living creatures.
http://www.arn.org/arn2.htm
Access Research Network
%%Background
z55\clip\2002\04\intdes.txt
Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics': Supernatural Selection
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/14/books/review/14HOLTLT.html?pagewanted=all&
position=top
New York Times Book Review, 2.4.14
By JIM HOLT
INTELLIGENT DESIGN CREATIONISM AND ITS CRITICS:
Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives.
Edited by Robert T. Pennock.
Illustrated. 805 pp. Cambridge, Mass.: A Bradford Book/The MIT Press.
Cloth, $110. Paper, $45.
" SEEING how the Darwinians go about rebutting these arguments makes
for high intellectual entertainment. To counter Behe's irreducible
complexity argument, they give a fascinating account of how proteins
that originally evolved for one function can be co-opted by the cell
for another; through such ''exaptation,'' complicated cellular
machinery can be built up in a gradual Darwinian way. "
ID: SAYING THAT DARWIN IS WRONG DOES NOT MAKE A THEORY
z55\clip\2002\02\slatid.txt
Unintelligible Redesign
This is the way creationism ends. Not with a bang, but with a whimper.
By William Saletan
Posted Wednesday, February 13, 2002, at 10:48 AM PT
Unlike creationism, ID accepts that the Earth is billions of years
old and that species evolve through natural selection. It posits that
life has been designed but doesn't specify by whom. I don't know
whether they stand up to his rebuttal or not. They don't add up to a
theory. A theory isn't just a bunch of criticisms, even if they're
valid.
z49\clip\2001\04\battle.txt NYT April 8, 2001 Evolutionists Battle
New Theory on Creation By JAMES GLANZ Dr. Behe, Dr. Dembski and
Phillip E. Johnson, a professor emeritus of the law school at the
University of California at Berkeley, are regarded as the
intellectual fathers of the design theory movement. Dr. Dembski
eventually developed what he called a mathematical "explanatory
filter" that he asserted can distinguish randomness from complexity
designed by an intelligent agent. The center's $1.1 million annual
budget is supplied largely by Christian foundations that broadly
endorse the implications of the intelligent design theory
%%Behe
IF ANY PIECE IS MISSING IT WON'T WORK, THEREFORE EVOLUTION IS IMPOSSIBLE
z75\clipim\2003\11\25\MolecularMachines.doc
Molecular Machines:
Experimental Support for the Design Inference
Michael J. Behe
%%Dembski
z47\clip\2000\12\dembski.txt
http://www.spectator.org/archives/0011TAS/heeren0011.htm The American
Spectator -- November 2000 The Lynching of Bill Dembski Scientists
say the jury is out -- so let the hanging begin. by Fred Heeren
Mathematician William Dembski stands accused of bringing shame upon a
major university. Not only that, say his colleagues, he has managed
to disgrace the entire scientific enterprise.
http://www.arn.org/dembski/wdhome.htm
A mathematician and a philosopher, William A. Dembski is associate
research professor in the conceptual foundations of science at Baylor
University and a senior fellow with Discovery Institute’s Center for
the Renewal of Science and Culture in Seattle. Has link to
Simpson's creation episode. Author:
The Design Inference Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities
Mere Creation Science, Faith & Intelligent Design
Intelligent Design The Bridge Between Science and Theology
DESIGN DOES NOT DEPEND ON 6X24HR DAY EARTH
http://www.origins.org/offices/dembski/docs/bd-theologn.html design
z42\clip\2000\06\know.htm
What every theologian should know about creation, evolution and design
William A. Dembski
... critique of Darwinism in no way hinges on the Genesis
account of creation. On no occasion do design theorists invoke
Genesis 1 and 2 as a scientific text, trying to conform natural
history to the Genesis account of creation or vice versa. Design as a
theory holds to neither a day-age, nor a gap, nor an apparent age
interpretation of Genesis. Thus it is illegitimate to characterize
design theorists as old-earth creationists
DESIGN DO NOT DENY EVOLUTION AS MECHANISM
[do not endorse] Progressive creation holds that God intervened at
various points in natural history, creating new kinds, as it were,
from scratch. Progressive creation can accommodate a considerable
degree of evolutionary change once a given kind is in place.
According to this view the creation of a given kind induces an
evolutionary envelope within which considerable, but not unlimited,
variation is possible. For instance, we might imagine God creating an
initial pair of dogs, and all subsequent dogs being related to this
initial pair by common descentóeverything from a St. Bernard to a
Chihuahua. Nevertheless, the progressive creationist would be
uninclined to view dogs and amoeba as sharing the same genealogical
tree
For myself, Yes, I believe that God created the world with a purpose
in mind, and No, I don't believe that God created the world in six
24-hour day periods. No, I don't believe in fully naturalistic
evolution controlled solely by purposeless material processes, and
Yes, I do believe that organisms have undergone some change in the
course of natural history (though I believe that this change has
occurred within strict limits and that human beings were specially
created).
DR. Stephen Meyer of Whitworth College will be speaking on Intelligent
Design at Seattle Pacific University Tuesday 16th 2000
\clip\99\16\design.txt
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPlate/1999-08/21/026l- 082199-idx.html
Darwinism and Design ~ By Jay Richards Saturday, August 21, 1999;
Page A19 Before Darwin, most scientists argued that living things
display the hallmarks of intelligent design.
@@Irrigation
Began at least 7,000 yrs ago in nr east China. The Human Race Linda
Gamlin
@@Isochron dating methods
ISOCHRON METHODS DETECT IF INITIAL CONDITIONS ARE UNACCEPTABLE
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/isochron-dating.html#generic
zip36\clipim\99\08\26\isochron\isochron.htm
zip36\clip\99\16\isochron-dating.html All radiometric dating methods
require, in order to produce accurate ages, certain initial
conditions and lack of contamination over time. The wonderful
property of isochron methods is: if one of these requirements is
violated, it is nearly certain that the data will indicate the
problem by failure to plot on a line. Where the simple methods will
produce an incorrect age, isochron methods will generally indicate
the unsuitability of the object for dating. Not foolproof but... The
large majority of isochron dating results are in accordance with the
mainstream age and history of the Earth. If the results were
essentially random numbers, that would not be the expected
distribution of results
@@Japanese
JAPANESE ONLY HAVE 5% JAPANESE DNA
he found about 25% Korean, 25% Chinese, 16% Okinawan, 5% Ainu, 5%
"Japanese", and 16% others
@@Jews
Authors of Genesis and much of world cicilization in their
own little way
Good timeline of jews
http://jewishamerica.com/TimeLine/index.htm
Ken Jacobs on jewish timeline,
origin of the jews
giftjew.txt The Gifts of the Jews
How a Tribe of Desert Nomads Changed the Way Everyone Thinks and
Feels Thomas Cahill Doubleday 1998. Creation and flood legends appear
to be based on the Sumer legends. Abraham was a sophisticated
resident of the Sumer civilization that was called by god to leave
and become a nomad to create a nation. The Jews are said by the
author to have created the modern notion of a history of change.
%%opposition
JEWISH RABBI FROM 1000 SAYS CREATION IS AN ALLEGORY
z75\clip\2005\08\allegory.htm
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/PrintStory.pl?document_id=2002453881&zsection_id=2002151194&slug=glickmancolumn27m&date=20050827
Rabbi Mark Glickman
As Rashi said: Bible's creation story offers allegory, not science
By Rabbi Mark S. Glickman
Special to The Seattle Times
"Rashi — Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki (1040-1105) — was a French sage whose
biblical commentaries are known for their clarity, brevity and
straightforwardness. ..In his commentary on Genesis 1:1 ("In the
beginning, God created ... "), Rashi takes a careful look at the
grammatical structure of the verse, and concludes: "The text does not
intend to point out the order of [the acts] of creation, to point out
that [heaven and Earth] were created first."" .. the truths of this
story are metaphoric truths, and far more profound. The biblical
account is a creation-parable, an allegory that teaches many lessons
about the fundamental nature of our God-given world.
LITTLE OPPOSITION TO EVOLUTION FROM JEWS OR MUSLIMS According to Ron
Unz: .. asked Elliott Abrams, who's a smart guy and had recently
written a pretty good book about different Jewish groups and religious
trends in America. Apparently, most of the Orthodox (including the
ultra-Orthodox?) don't much oppose Darwinism, based on the notion that
everything in the world is controlled by G-d, and whatever
happens---including one species transforming into another---is part of
the divine fabric. the Jewish position on Darwinism appears similar
to that of Muslims. Apparently, most Islamic fundamentalists also
don't have any huge problems with evolution.
@@Kennewick man
Non-native american man found in WA state thought to be over 9,000
years old, related most closely to the Ainu, Asians who look similar
to Caucasians who were dominant in Japan as late as 3,000 years ago.
PNW INDIANS, KENNEWICK MAN LINKED TO AINU z50\clip\2001\07\ainu.txt
http://uk.news.yahoo.com/010731/80/c01qo.html Tuesday July 31, 03:44
PM Reuters - First Americans linked to ancient Japanese - study "they
showed close ties to the modern-day Ainu of Hokkaido and their Jomon
predecessors in prehistoric Japan, and to the Polynesians of Oceania,
according to the study. [rather than any mainland Asians]" crossed
land bridge 15,000 years ago.
z45\clip\2000\10\racebone.txt
http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/race_kennewick001006.html
A Question of Race oct 6, 2000 Forensic Anthropologists Disagree
About Racial Characteristics and Bone Structure A controversy erupted
when anthropologists said the Kennewick Man resembled Caucasians more
than American Indians. But how much can scientists tell from a
skeleton? By Willow Lawson ..in the Ainu of Japan. All of Japan,
even just 3,000 years ago were bearded, white people."
\clip\2000\04\kenn.txt The Color of Bones How a 9,000-year-old
skeleton called Kennewick Man sparked the strangest case of racial
profiling yet. By SCOTT L. MALCOMSON Photograph by James
Chatters/Applied Paleoscience.
KENNEWICK MAN FROM SE PACIFIC ASIA
http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/101699sci-kennewick-man.html
z38\clip\99\20\kennwi.txt New York Times October 16, 1999 Expert
Panel Recasts Origin of Fossil Man in Northwest By TIMOTHY EGAN
EATTLE -- The ancient bones of Kennewick Man most closely resemble
Asian people, particularly the Ainu of northern Japan, and
Polynesians from the South Pacific, the scientists said.
zip36\clip\99\16\kenwick.txt \clip\99\16\kenwick.txt Seattle Times
Company August 02, 1999 Pay respects to living with Kennewick Man
August 11, 1999 Hearing ordered on Kennewick Man tests Earlier
radiocarbon tests placed the bones at about 9,200 years old.
Tuesday, July 27, 1999 Kennewick Man shows unusual characteristics
Today, a team of Interior Department scientists examining Kennewick
Man's remains was meeting in Walla Walla with five Native American
tribal groups to report on the team's investigation and announce
plans to continue their efforts to better understand who Kennewick
Man was and where he came from. [ he does not match australians
either]
Tuesday, February 23, 1999 Getting a look at Kennewick Man's face
November 12, 1998 Oral histories are speaking; will we hear? If you
believe science, then Kennewick man is more than 9,000 years old and
a "Caucasoid." His very existence raises questions about who was here
first. But American Indians have their own stories of how they came
to be. These stories, often religious in nature, center on a
different truth.
from: http://www.runestone.org/km.html
Kennewick Man does not stand alone. There is an entire group of
skeletons similar to him, all dating from about the same period.
Douglas Owsley, a forensic anthropologist at the National Museum of
Natural History, examining a find from Nevada called the Spirit Cave
man, remarked that this specimen is "most similar to the Ainu from
Japan and a medieval Norse population...I'm reluctant to say he's a
white guy, but he's certainly very different from modern Asians and
Native Americans."
@@Dating
%%Contamination
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html#constant
It is
Some dating methods (e.g., K-Ar and carbon-14) do not have a built-in
check for contamination, and if there has been contamination these
methods will produce a meaningless age. For this reason, the results
of such dating methods are not treated with as much confidence.
%%Methods
@@Dinosaurs
@@K-T Great Dinosaur Extinction
The end of dinosaurs coincides with the global K-T boundary layer
which has iridium thought to have come from a giant metor strike in
the gulf of mexico.
http://hannover.park.org/Canada/Museum/extinction/cretcause. html
Speculated Causes of the End-Cretaceous Extinction
zip36\clipim\99\08\31\cretcause\cretcause.htm Evidence for
catastrophism is found in a layer ... contains unusually high
concentrations of Iridium, found only in the earth's mantle, and in
extra-terrestrial meteors and comets. This layer has been found found
in both marine and terrestrial sediments, at numerous boundary sites
around the world.
http://www.imax.com/t-rex/popdiedout.html There are many theories
about why the dinosaurs died out seemingly all at once nearly 65
million years ago. The most popular idea of the mass dinosaur
extinction is the "Meteor Theory."
http://tyrrell.magtech.ab.ca/tour/extinctn.html
K-T boundary
Yucatan metor strike
Wayne Hortensius, Calgary, Alberta, Canada for the Royal Tyrrell Museum
In the badlands north of the Museum lies an inconspicuous line. Next
to a coal seam and rich in the tell-tale element iridium, this
reddish line marks the end of an era. Below it are the remains of
dinosaurs, mixed with the fossilized remains of the animals that
shared their world. Above it is a new world. Although many organisms
survived the extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary,
dinosaurs didn't. This line marks the end of their era.
@@Language
%%Creationist
Bible says the Tower of Babel is the root of all languages, before
that (sometime after the Flood but before recorded history) all
humans spoke only one language.
%%Americas
[[Meadowcroft [mead]
MEADOWCROFT DATES TO 16,000 YRS AGO
z55\clip\2002\04\meadow.txt
http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/realeve/interactive/migration.html
Meadowcroft site in Pennsylvania has artifacts dating 16,000 yrs ago.
Blade core fragments resemble those found in north China 28-29,000 yrs
ago. Evidence indicates many arrivals from China, Malaysia, Japan,
Siberia and Central Asia.
\doc\web\99\14\firstam.txt History Channel In Search of the First
Americans Thomas Jefferson believed that the nearly thousand native
american languages must have taken thousands of years to develop.
Classified down to six, and later 3 major language groups,
Eskimo-Aleut, Amerind, and Nadimec, indicates 3 major migrations.
%%General
This is a passage from an essay by Robin L. M. Dunbar, Origin and Evolution of Language.
INDO-EUROPEAN SPROUTS AVG 1 NEW LANGUAGE EACH 1,600 YEARS
Steve Sailer notes:
--- Ancestral Indo-European, the language spoken by a small group of
(probably Anatolian) agro-pastoralists around 6000 BC, has given rise
to around 150 descendent languages from Gaelic in the west to Bengali
in the East over an 8,000-year period. Interpolating these values into
the ***standard Gaussian logistic growth equation for biological
population growth*** suggests that the Indo-European language family
has evolved at a rate equivalent to the budding off of a new language
from each existing language, on average, about once every 1,600 years
‹ or about as long as it has taken modern English and Scots to evolve
out of Anglo-Saxon. ---
z54\clip\2002\01\gram.txt 'Hard-Wired' Grammar Rules Found for All
Languages New York Times January 15, 2002 By BRENDA FOWLER In 1981
the linguist Noam Chomsky, who had already proposed that language was
not learned but innate, made an even bolder claim. The grammars of
all languages, he said, can be described by a set of universal rules
or principles, and the differences among those grammars are due to a
finite set of options that are also innate.
LANGUAGE EVOLUTION GUIDED BY PHYSICAL EVOLUTION
z45\clip\2000\10\grad.txt http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/
Seattle Times Company October 20, 2000 Gradual process helped tongues
to wag By Robert S. Boyd Knight Ridder Newspapers "Lucy," an advanced
form of ape who lived in Africa 3.6 million years ago, had an
ape-like vocal tract and therefore could not speak. 300,000 yrs ago a
Neandertal would have sounded "like a village idiot," Lieberman said.
"Their speech capabilities were intermediate between those of still
earlier hominids and modern humans."
PHYSICAL EVOLUTION FOLLOWS LANGUAGE EVOLUTION
z40\clipim\2000\04\01\mother.efx The Mother Tongue US News and World
Report Nov 5, 1990 Has tree of language and physical relationship of
races. "It's quite clear why you have a correlation between genes and
language", says Stanford University geneticist Luigi Cavalli-Sforza,
a pioneer in the new genetic techniques.. As the genes became
different, the languages become different too"
@@Life
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/precambrian/archaean.html Introduction
to the Archaean Era 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago It was early in the
Archaean that life first appeared on Earth. Our oldest fossils date
to roughly 3.5 billion years ago, and consist of bacteria
microfossils.
zip36\clip\99\16\billlife.txt http://archives.seattletimes.com
Friday, August 13, 1999 Study adds a billion years to life on Earth
by Randolph E. Schmid The Associated Press WASHINGTON - Scientists
studying Australian rocks have found evidence that primitive forms of
life existed 2.7 billion years ago - a billion years earlier than had
been previously shown.
@@Light Transit Time
Distances between stars can be millions or billions of light years
away, yet we can observe them, this is inconsistent with a universe
only 10,000 years old.
Explanations:
* the universe was created complete with billion year old light
* the speed of light is not constant.
* speed and distance don't behave the way we think they do.
* we can't accurately measure distance beyond a few light years.
%%Creationist
Light has been slowed to 30 MPH
with the "medium".
http://www.parentcompany.com/creation_explanation/cx6h.htm
zip36\clipim\99\08\18\creax\creax.htm
There are several possible solutions for the problem of light transit
time in a universe billions of light years across but which is only
ten thousand or so years old:
willypete@juno.com Light theorists
have recently been calling into question all of the assumptions
written into conventional dogma on the subject, including its speed
and behavior.
http://www.mbnet.mb.ca/~georgkev/const-c/constc.html
27 Aug 1999 07:32:31 -0400 From: Fred Battey
To add a note here, we have always been
taught that light was the fastest thing there was. Yet when there is
a solar storm/flare on the sun the electromagnetic shock waves
traverse the distance to the earth at speeds of millions of miles an
hour. We are only limited by our willingness to observe, doubt and
learn. Fred
%%Constant
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/15/science/15PHYS.html
z50\clip\2001\08\splight.txt August 15, 2001 Cosmic Laws Like Speed
of Light Might Be Changing, a Study Finds By JAMES GLANZ and DENNIS
OVERBYE
A Small Change, With Huge Implications
the finding could mean that other constants regarded as immutable,
like the speed of light, might also have changed over the history of
the cosmos. The magnitude of the change apparently observed by the
group is minute, amounting to just 1 part in 100,000 in a number
called the fine structure constant over 12 billion years. [alpha
constant defined in terms of light and other properties]
@@Magnetism
Paleomagnetism in geology
Earth's magnetic fiels has reversed many times over past 4m
years
@@Mail List
Hard Core Evolution Mailing List
Evolution-t was designed to discuss scientific views of different
evolutionary theories and recent research. It encompasses a broad range
of topics, including Darwinian vs non-Darwinian evolution, phylogenetic
analysis, genetics, behavioral ecology, human evolution, etc.
Members are asked not to discuss evolution vs creationalism, since this
topic is better handled by the newsgroup Talk.orgins.
To subscribe : Majordomo@majordomo.umd.edu
@@Mammoth Mastadon
Elephant like beats that disappeared after the ice age, perhaps due
to human hunting.
Wrengel Island in Siberia has evidence of mammoths up to 3,700 years ago
Nature's Death Traps, The Extinction Files
The Call of Distant Mammoths Why the Ice Age Mammals Disappeared
1997. Clovis pursued animals that were not adapted to man, perished,
then Clovis vanished. Megafauna vanishes whenever man appears. Ends
with warning about human overpopulation
@@Mars
z48\clipim\2001\03\marslife.txt
http://dsc.discovery.com/news/ap/20010226/marslife.html
Study: Crystals Prove Life on Mars Associate Copyright 2001 Feb. 26,
2001 A crystal found in a meteorite from Mars could only have been
formed by a microbe and may be evidence of the oldest life form ever
found, researchers say.
"magnetite could not come from Earth organisms
because it was encased inside the meteorite in a carbonate mineral
that has been age-dated at 3.9 billion years old. "
@@Math
http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/mathhist.html History of
mathematics It has roots in ancient Egypt and Babylonia, then grew
rapidly in ancient Greece. Mathematics written in ancient Greek was
translated into Arabic. About the same time some mathematics of India
was translated into Arabic. Later some of this mathematics was
translated into Latin and became the mathematics of Western Europe.
Over a period of several hundred years, it became the mathematics of
the world.
http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html
1700 B.C.E.
Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT
700 B.C.E.
Baudhayana (c. 700)
@@Medicine
Medical uses of evolution theory
Darwinian medicine Bill Wimsatt
@@Meteor Crater
Meteor Crater Visitors Center
http://www.meteorcrater.com/Mcrater.htm 50,000 years ago, a huge
iron-nickel meteorite, hurtling at about 40,000 miles per hour,
struck the rocky plain of Northern Arizona with an explosive force
greater than 20 million tons of TNT. The meteorite estimated to have
been about 150 feet across and weighing several hundred thousand
tons, in less than a few seconds, left a crater 700 feet deep and
over 4000 feet across.
@@Milky Way Galaxy
Specs
Number of stars - 100 billion
Oldest Starts - 10 billion year old
Diameter - 100,000 light years, about half of Andromeda
Thick - 13,000 light years
Distance from sun to center 24,000 light years
Distance to nearest spiral galaxy (Andromeda) 2 million LY
http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/HAA/Events/EH423.html
Bob Roy
If our Milky Way Galaxy were the size of an aspirin, the nearest galaxy would only be 13cm away
if our Sun were the size of an aspirin, the nearest star would be
140Km away
http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/gal_milky.html
Cambridge Cosmology: Milky Way
The disk of the Milky Way has four spiral arms and it is
approximately 300pc thick and 30kpc in diameter. It is made up
predominantly of Population I stars which tend to be blue and are
reasonably young, spanning an age range between a million and ten
billion years.
@@Mississippi
Hovind: Prentice hall general science 1992 p. 145 miss riv 80,000
tons of sediment per hr delta getting bigger less than 30,000 yrs -
gulf of mexico. He believes 6000 yr s ago, flood, was running off,
most mud was mostly formed from flood
@@Mitochondrial Eve / DNA\
http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/4059.asp A STUDY GUIDE for
REFUTING EVOLUTION by Jonathan Sarfati, Ph.D., F.M.
What does "Mitochondrial Eve" mean? (p. 88) Since mitochondrial DNA
is inherited only through the mother's line, the similarities are
consistent with the idea that all people on earth are descended from
a single human female
@@Moon
%%Creationist
Hovind: Moon is moving farther away, it would be too close if
billions of years old. Moon should have much more dust on it. The
earth is slowing down, days would be too short.
%%Dust
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/moon-dust.html Meteorite Dust and the
Age of the Earth Copyright © 1996 by Tim Thompson [Last Update:
September 5, 1996] Morris chooses to pick obsolete data with known
problems, and call it the "best" measurement available. His
calculations are based on a figure that is nearly three orders of
magnitude too high. With the proper values, the expected depth of
meteoritic dust on the moon is less than one foot. [measured dust at
the top of a mountain, not correlated by other data such as dust in
existing sediments or sattelites]
%%Natural
1994 Sagan: Pale blue dot p. 237 based on Apollo samples, formed 4.5b
years ago from collision with world the size of mars. The emerging
picture is not of stately progression but mere lucky chance. Does not
seem to have been sculpted by a master craftsman.
http://www-curator.jsc.nasa.gov/curator/lunar/lunar.htm Recent
computer models indicate that the Moon could have been formed from
the debris resulting from the Earth being struck a glancing blow by a
planetary body about the size of Mars. The chemical composition of
the Moon, derived from studies of lunar rocks, is compatible with
this theory of the origin of the Moon. We have learned that a crust
formed on the Moon 4.4 billion years ago.
%%Rock
History Lost and Found: Apollo 15 found a rock thought to have
come from the original crust 4.5 billion years, much older than
earth rocks 3.5B
%%Creationist
Astronomical and Physical Sciences: The Universe, the Solar System,
the Earth, and Life Were Recently Created.
http://www.indirect.com/www/wbrown/onlinebook/scc/astronomy1. html
If the moon was not pulled or splashed from the earth, was not built
up from smaller particles near its present orbit, and was not
captured from outside its present orbit, only one hypothesis remains;
the moon was created in its present orbit.
@@Mormon
Duwayne Anderson says that
http://scriptures.lds.org/moses/2. outlines the official creation
myth of the LDS Church.
@@Morris, Henry
Creationist claims evolution violates laws of thermodynamics in "Are
You Brainwashed"
@@Moth
z56\clip\2002\06\pepmoth.txt
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/18/science/life/18MOTH.html?ex=1025406344&ei=1&en=9863e25a48fce009
Staple of Evolutionary Teaching May Not Be Textbook Case
NYT June 18, 2002
By NICHOLAS WADE
"they were glued in place for good reason: the peppered
moth almost never rests on tree trunks, its preferred
hideaway probably being under twigs in the high canopy of
trees."
@@Mount St Helens
Mt St Helens is held up as proof of a young earth, yet its existence
pretty proves that the earth must be older than this volcano, and it
was not created in its 1980 form, but evolved that way over thousands
or millions of years.
http://www.misslink.net/chofgod/sthelen.html
zip36\clip\99\16\sthelen.htm
Mt. St. Helens a Voice for Creation
(c) 1996 Mark E. Howerter
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/msh/llc/cs/eheh.html ERUPTIVE
PERIODS AT MOUNT ST. HELENS The stratigraphic record of eruptive
activity during the last 13,000 yr is believed to be reasonably
complete
The Ape Canyon eruptive period was followed by a dormant interval
which may have lasted from about 35,000 to 20,000 yr ago. Most of
this 15,000-yr interval coincided with climates which, at times, were
evidently somewhat cooler than those of the present (Alley, 1979, p.
233).
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/msh/llc/cs/ehdis.html
One of the most interesting features of Mount St. Helens' history is
the change in eruptive behavior that occurred about 2,500 yr ago.
Eruptions of dacite had characterized the volcano for more than
35,000 yr.
zip36\clip\99\16\eheh.htm
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/frequent_questions/grp6/ question584.html
The oldest rocks at Mt. St. Helens are about 40,000-50,000 years old.
Wood, C.A., and Kienle, J., 1993, Volcanoes of North America:
Cambridge University Press, New York, 354 p.
@@Moth
\clip\99\16\design.txt
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPlate/1999-08/21/026l- 082199-idx.html
Darwinism and Design ~ By Jay Richards Saturday, August 21, 1999;
Page A19 ...recent experiments show that all developmental mutations
are harmful.this story was discredited in the 1980s, when biologists
discovered several errors in the studies, including the fact that
peppered moths do not normally rest on tree trunks. Even if accurate,
all this "evidence" would have shown was that natural selection can
affect an existing population, which no one disputes. It never told
us anything about the origin of moths.
[The writer is a senior fellow and program director of the Discovery
Institute's Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture in Sea
@@Mummy
The oldest mmummies have been radiocarbon dated at 9,400 years old.
Creationists of course believe there can be no history before 6,000 ya
%%Burial
Mummies the Real Story Discovery: People started to bury bodies
about 45,000 years ago.
%%China
Mystery of the Desert Mummies Discovery Oct 1999 Mummies found in
China Desert of Caucasians from Indo-Europe who rode horses. Oldest
mummy was C14 dated at 4,000 years ago. Horse found in at base of
Urals was dated at 5,000-5,500 years ago with evidence of use of
mouth bit. These people carefullly prepared grave sites for mummies,
eventually Mongolian peoples were found side by side in later grave
sites. These people weaved wool clothing common in Europe long before
the Chinese knew how to do this.
http://www.seattletimes.com/news/nation-world/html98/icem_ 19990826.html
zip36\CLIP\99\16\iceman.txt Seattle Times August 26, 1999 Iceman
could shed light on first Americans by Joseph B. Verrengia The
Associated Press "Radiocarbon testing is accurate to within 50 years
on an artifact that is 10,000 years old. Separate tests on ice
samples from the glacier also would help to establish the man's age.
Five years ago, radiocarbon dating of a Nevada mummy revealed it was
9,400 years old - the oldest mummy in North America.
@@Mutations
Creationists claim that design by evolution is impossible since all
or nearly all mutations are harmful. The problem with this view is
that even if 100% percent of harmful mutations die, it doesn't
matter, since if even one mutation is beneficial, it will survive and
improve the species as a innovation.
%%Harmful
\clip\99\16\design.txt
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPlate/1999-08/21/026l- 082199-idx.html
Darwinism and Design ~ By Jay Richards Saturday, August 21, 1999;
Page A19 ...recent experiments show that all developmental mutations
are harmful.
%%Rate
z55\clip\2002\01\mutate.txt
Mutation rates in mammalian genomes
PNAS -- Abstracts: Kumar and Subramanian 99 (2): 803
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/2/803
Published online before print January 15, 2002,
10.1073/pnas.022629899;
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 99, Issue 2, 803-808, January 22,
2002
Our results suggest that the average^ mammalian genome mutation
rate is 2.2 × 10^ - 9 per base pair per year, which provides further
opportunities for estimating species and population divergence times
by using molecular clocks.
@@Navigation
The conquest of the planet by ships was a significant step in the
evolution of technology and society. The Europeans got the real knack
of this first, which may be the biggest reason they got to be the bad
guys accused of dominating everybody else.
- navigation by visual coast from Europe (Vikings)
- navigation blind west from Europe to North America (Columbus)
- navigation around world (Magellan)
- chronometer enables computation of longitude
Chinese weren't very good at navigation
@@Neandertal or Neanderthal
Inspiration for "cave man" caricature sterotype. Form of humans
previous to modern ones in Europe, perhaps related to Homo Erectus,
Human version 1.0. They disappeared or some think merged with modern
humans. They are definitely a different species, no chin, not much
forehead "apelike" in appearance. DNA extracted from remains in
Neander valley in Germany show about 4 times the difference expected
in humans.
They were the 2nd last (homo sapiens is the only remaining) species
of humans. They lasted for 150,000 years. They lived side by side
with humans for tens of thousands of years, first meeting in the
middle east. Gradually they were pushed back to the Iberian peninsula
where the last remains are dated at 27,000 years ago. Even very small
competitive advantage is estimated to result in dominance in 33
generations or a few thousand years. There are skeletal remains of
people who have features of both, but no genetic evidence of their
genes in modern humans.
They could
- use stone tools
- live in caves
- bury dead with ceremony
- wear jewelry
- sew clothing
- care for sick and lame
- had larger brains than contemporary humans
- occasionally gained territory back from modern humans in mideast
COLD KILLED OFF NEANDERTHALS AND NEARLY MODHUMANS TOO
Z75\clip\2004\01\neand.txt
New Scientist.com
Big chill killed off the Neanderthals
21 January 04
They say Neanderthals simply did not have the technological know-how
to survive the increasingly harsh winters. And intriguingly, rather
than being Neanderthal killers, the original human settlers of Europe
almost suffered the same fate. Led by Tjeerd van Andel of the University of
Cambridge...
NEANDERTALS AND MODERNS TRADED CONTROL OF CAVES IN MIDEAST
z55\clip\2002\03\neand.txt
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/03/0305_0307_neandertal.html
Did Humans and Neandertals Battle for Control of the Middle East?
By Ben Harder for National Geographic News March 8, 2002
"The finding indicated that Skhul and Kafzeh-and, presumably, much or
all of the surrounding region-passed from human hands back into
Neandertal control between 65,000 and 80,000 years ago.
"
Discovery.com
A virtual tour of a Neanderthal cave
Full text:
http://dsc.discovery.com/stories/science/stoneages/day.html
Meet a few of our many ancient relatives. Their fossilized remains, and
the people who discovered them, tell extraordinary stories about our past.
Take Lucy, for instance.
Full text:
http://dsc.discovery.com/stories/science/stoneages/fossils.html
Look back in time to see why we are the way we are. Our bodies, our
behaviors - all can be better understood by looking at our prehistoric
past. Explore a few of our roots below.
Full text:
http://dsc.discovery.com/stories/science/stoneages/roots.html
z51\clip\2001\09\neannor.txt NYT SEP 06, 2001 New Evidence of Early
Humans Unearthed in Russia's North By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD Stone tools,
animal bones and an incised mammoth tusk found in Russia's frigid far
north have provided what archaeologists say is the first evidence
that modern humans or Neanderthals lived in the Arctic more than
30,000 years ago, at least 15,000 years earlier than previously
thought.
RED HAIR GENE MAY DATE FROM NEANDERTHALS
http://news.24.com/News24/Technology/Science_Nature/0,1113,46_1011323,00.htm
l 17/04/2001 08:36 - (SA) 'Redheads are Neanderthals' London - Red
hair may be the genetic legacy of Neanderthals, according to a new
study by British scientists.
z48\clip\2001\04\neanbred.txt
http://unisci.com/stories/20012/0403012.htm Neanderthals, Modern
Humans Interbred, New Study Says A University of Tennessee
anthropologist has found new evidence that Neanderthals and emerging
modern humans were not distinct species, but evolved together and
probably interbred.
z45\clip\2000\10\neaninte.htm BBC DNA clues to Neanderthal Oct 11,
2000. Samples show they showed little variation, were as different
from Europeans as other modern races, no evidence of interbreeding
z47\clip\2001\01\neanmix.txt
http://www.cnn.com/2001/NATURE/01/12/ancient.humans.ap/index.html
Study disputes theory of human migration January 12, 2001 In this
story: Neanderthal influence A controversial conclusion AP) --
Anthropologists analyzing ancient skulls from around the world say
modern humans did not arise from a single migration from Africa, but
from small groups that journeyed to every continent and intermingled
with archaic humans such as the Neanderthal. Skulls dated 25,000 to
30,000 years from Europe and from Australia share strong
characteristics of 40,000 to 200,000-year-old archaic human skulls
found in Europe, Indonesia, and Africa (disappeared by
interbreeding).
Nature 404, 490 - 493 (2000) © Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
http:///www.nature.com/ Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from
the northern Caucasus IGOR V. OVCHINNIKOV, ANDERS GÖTHERSTRÖM, GALINA
P. ROMANOVA, VITALIY M. KHARITONOV, KERSTIN LIDÉN & WILLIAM GOODWIN
Here we report the second mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis of a
Neanderthal, and the first such analysis on clearly dated Neanderthal
remains. The specimen is from one of the eastern-most Neanderthal
populations, recovered from Mezmaiskaya Cave in the northern
Caucasus. Radiocarbon dating estimated the specimen to be 29,000
years old and therefore from one of the latest living Neanderthals.
BBC NEWS
Wednesday, 29 March, 2000, 07:45 GMT 08:45 UK
Neanderthals not human ancestors
The new work, published in the journal Nature, contradicts recent evidence
from ancient remains of a child found in Portugal, which appeared to
combine Neanderthal and human features. Those researchers concluded that
some interbreeding must have taken place.
Full text:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_694000/694467.stm
EXN.CA
http://www.exn.ca/html/templates/htmlpage.cfm?ID=20000328-52
Remains of 29,000-year-old infant show we're not Neanderthals and probably
never were March 28, 2000
"We haven't found any DNA in modern humans similar to the Neanderthals',"
explains William Goodwin, a researcher from the University of Glasgow's
Human Identification Centre and co-author of the study reported in the
March 30 issue of Nature . "It doesn't prove that Neanderthals are not the
ancestors of humans. [But it] implies that the contribution the
Neanderthals made was limited, and, possibly, zero."
*"The difference [between 2 neanderthal samples] was 3.48 per cent.
This level of difference is quite normal between modern humans, so
this Neanderthal was much closer to the previously discovered
Neanderthal than to any modern humans."
*when compared to DNA from European, African and Asian populations,
both Neanderthals' DNA differed, on average, 6.5 to 7.5 per cent from
the modern humans'. And the Europeans were no more closely related to
the "European" Neanderthals than the Africans or Asians.
"So 500, 000 years ago, there was a common ancestor that Neanderthals
and modern humans branched from. Modern humans came into Europe about
40,000 years ago, most likely from Africa, and replaced the
Neanderthals."
Full text:
http://www.exn.ca/html/templates/htmlpage.cfm?ID=20000328-52
z40\clipim\2000\03\29\neand1\neand1.htm
Loring believes modern
humans are evolved from Neanderthal.
ABC NEWS A Breed Apart DNA Tests: Humans Not Descended from
Neanderthals By Kenneth Chang March 28 — DNA from the bones of a
Neanderthal baby who died 29,000 years ago offers further evidence
that Neanderthals are cousins rather than ancestors of modern humans.
Writing in Thursday’s issue of the journal Nature, William Goodwin of
the University of Glasgow in Scotland, along with collaborators from
Russia and Sweden, report that the baby’s DNA is much more similar to
another Neanderthal DNA sequence reported in 1997 than to that of
modern humans. Full text:
http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/neanderthal000328.html
BBC Apeman
Neanderthals may have had a bad press recently. But is it possible that we
have "Neanderthal genes" in our ancestry? Professor Erik Trinkaus voices his
opinion.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/apeman/dig_deeper/article_1.shtml
Cavemen: Neandertal History channel appeared 100,000 yeaars ago to
30,000, lived besides humans, are not immediately related, but some
believe they may have interbred. Women were not buried with
tools or artifacts.
A Tale of Two Species The Learning Channel. They are a different
species, brain size of 1700 CC is the largest recored for any
hominid. They are thought to have evolved from homo egaster, they
independently developed tools and culture very similar to homo
sapiens, there is evidence that in contact with sapiens they modified
their tools and culture. They had a bone whose purpose is to support
speech, they probably had langauge.
The Last Neanderthal? Discovery
1996 show explores evidence surrounding suddent replacement of
Neanderthal by culturally and physically advanced Cro Magnon culture
about 35,000 years ago.
zip38\clip\99\19\neader.txt Scientists Document Most Recent Date For
Neandertals St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 25, 1999 -- An international team of
scientists has documented through new radiocarbon dating that
Neandertals roamed central Europe as recently as 28,000 years ago,
representing the latest date ever recorded for Neandertal fossils
worldwide.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk:80/et?ac=000208632407947&rtmo= 3wKqxAYM&atmo=99999999&pg=/et/99/1/21/ecnman21.html
zip38\clipim\99\10\15\nean\nean.htm Earliest Man lived 5m years ago
Telegraph THE remains of a five-million-year-old neanderthal have
been found in Ethiopia. [is this right??]
Peter Frost on what happened to
Neandertal Neanderthals praticed cannibalism, research shows.
Seattle Post Intelligencer Oct 1, 1999 A3 most think they are
evolutionary cousins, not ancestors. 100,000 yr old bones include
human bones methodically picked for food value, perhaps was recycling
of dead for valuable food.
%%Hunters
MEAT GOOD UGH. Neanderthals survived on diet of meat, and lots of it
Neanderthals subsisted on a diet of primarily meat, researchers
believe June 12, 2000 WASHINGTON (Reuters) -- Chemical analysis of
bones found in caves in Croatia showed Neanderthals ate a diet [of
lots of meat] similar to that of wolves and lions, and probably
hunted woolly mammoths, the researchers report in the Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences. Full text:
http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/06/12/neanderthals.reut/index.html
@@New Age
CREATIONISM IS OK WITH NEW AGE TEACHING METHODS
I have been at American Education
Research Association (AERA) meetings where new age, inquiry science
education was being touted. they asserted that it might be
appropriate to teach creationism if that comported with local belief
systems.
@@Niagra falls
%%creation
hovind: 9,900 yrs of erosion, about 5 ft per yrs 7.5 mi baded on
gorge if earth is billions of yrs old, why not bigger. Flood created
the falls (but no evidence of flood!)
@@Noah's Ark and the Flood
Creationists primarily rely not only on the start of Genesis which
details the creation of the earth, universe, and man, but Noah's
flood which explains all of geology that is evidently created by
water, such as canyons and strata layers and sea fossils found high
in mountains.
According to Genesis, Noah was picked by God to put 2 of every land
creature aboard a boat to ride out a yearlong flood which wiped out
all land breathing life (and if you believe the creationist
extrapolations, sea-based life such as trilobites), anywhere from
1,000 to 6,000 years from the beginning of time or 5,000 years ago.
Noah and his family is the ancestor of all modern human races in the
1,000 years to recorded history. The Sumerians and Bablylonians have
a similar tale which is thought to have inspired the story of Noah.
Creationists believe that each human has the ability to bear all
races of man even though persons of a given race have only been known
to bear children of the same race over the past 4,000 years of
recorded history. For evidence, creationists point to shell fossils
on Everest (well, they were pushed up by tectonics, created long
before there ever was such a mountain), and the geological column and
the Grand Canyon which they believe were created by the flood.
Before modern geology, the biblical flood story _was_ the most widely
accepted view, but after Huttons theories of the creation of
landscape, it fell out of favor.
For:
- Well, the bible tells me so
- Fossils on Everest prove the highest mountains were under water
- Every culture has a story about the flood
- All the varieties of creatures, 2 of each could easily fit on the
ark with provisions
- The dinosaurs were on the ark too, all you need is one blue and one
pink one (Hovind)
- People have seen the ark, really
The main problem is that there isn't any evidence of a global flood.
Robert Ballard probably has found the flood that inspired the myth,
and there are plenty of other spectacular floods such as the one that
carved Eastern Washington. There certainly isn't any evidence on
either pole, or Mt Rainier that they've ever been covered by seas at
any time.
Against:
- No evidence of global flood in ice layers or glaciers on mountains
- No evidence that the world was covered by all salt or all fresh water,
which would kill most sealife used to one or the other.
- Ballard's flood is the only flood to be found in the Black Sea anywhere
near that time period, and was only a local flood, though a big one
- No genetic evidence of a 1 family bottleneck 4,000 years ago, compared to
those caused by migration out of Africa.
- Not enough time for races to evolve in such a short time vs.
evolutionary theory and DNA evidence of divergence of human species
1.5m years ago and races 100,000 year ago.
- Strata that have been formed, angled, eroded, and formed again show
several episodes of laying down layers and flooding, not just one event
- No evidence all species have ever been together in one place, most
species have a very limited range and aren't capable of walking by
themselves to the middle east, and then back home again after the flood.
- Not enough water in the ecosystem to create such a flood.
%%BLACK SEA
BLACK SEA FLOOD 7,000 YEARS AGO IS "IT"
Submerged coastline adds to the evidence of Noah's great flood Guy
Gugliotta Washington Post Seattle Times Nov 26, 1999. 550 ft below
surface of Black sea is an old coastline. Freshwater mollusks change
to saltwater from 7,500 to 6,900 years ago, indicating a flood
between the dates. Robert Ballard collected the shells. Black sea was
formed when rising sea level breached a natural dam, described in
book "Noah's Flood" by William Ryan and Walter Pitman. Biblical
scholars say Noah's flood is dated at 2,900 to 2,400 years ago, also
documented in Gilgamesh 3,600 years ago.
zip38\clipim\99\11\13\flood.gif
BALLARDS FLOOD, DATED SHELLS SHOW BOUNDARY BETWEEN SALT, FRESH PHASES
z49\clipim\2001\04\25\flood1,flood2.jpg graphic
"Deep Black Sea" National Geographic May 2001 p. 53 Robert Ballard
shows a flood of biblical proportions was 7,500 years ago when the
Black Sea, previously a freshwater lake, was flooded by rising sea
levels when the ice age waned 12,000 years ago. Diagram shows that
they found the shoreline where it should be 500 feet below the
present one with sonar. Shells gathered from the mud show carbon
dates corresponding to salt water from 3,000 to 7,500 years ago, then
a change in mud to freshwater and shells going back to 15,000 years
ago.
%%Date
http://www.members.home.net/drww/drww/david/tobftych.html
zip36\clip\99\16\noah.htm my own research revealed that Noah lived
8,270+ F.B.T. years after Adam. ("F.B.T." is my notation meaning
"from the beginning of time") Noah lived 500 years and begat Ham,
Shem and Japeth. Noah lived 600 years before the floor which meant
the flood came 7,920 (F.B.T.) years after Adam. I haven't finished
my research allowing me to convert everything into B.C. dates.
@@Nutrition
@@Diet
STONE AGE DIET 4X EXERCISE, 1/6 THE SALT, DIE BY 40
z48\clip\2001\02\paldiet.txt
Stone Age Soup Some Say We Should Eat Like Our Paleolithic Forebears.
Do They Have Rocks in Their Heads? _____ The Paleo Pyramid _____ By
Lawrence Lindner Special to The Washington Post Tuesday, February 13,
2001; Page HE09 ...physical activity was about "four-fold higher for
our ancestors than for ourselves" Stone Age hunter/gatherers ate much
less sodium than contemporary humans,the U.S. average is at least six
times higher. Only about nine in 100 Paleos reached their sixties.
Most died young
z48\clip\2001\02\diet.txt
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/12/001221073953.htm Source:
University Of Arkansas (http://www.uark.edu) 12/27/2000 Diet Diverged
In Earliest Human Ancestors, Researchers Find
FAYETTEVILLE, Ark. -- Dietary diversity distinguished the diets of our
earliest human ancestors, starting a trend that eventually led to the
ability of human beings to colonize different types of terrain
http://citd.scar.utoronto.ca/ANTAO1/Projects/Bogin.html
z47\clip\2001\01\Bogin.htm
* all primates evolved from insectivorelike mammals that lived some 75
million years ago
* The earliest primates of the Paleocence period (65-55 million years
ago) exploited an insect-eating niche
* By about 55 million years ago primate fossils show changes in jaws
and teeth, most primates were eating fruits, leaves, and seeds as
well as insects.
* the need for high diet quality is a consequence of the human brain
being several times larger than expected for a primate their size.
* markings on bones show hominids were the last to have at the
bones-even after porcupines. Subsequent analysis shows that hominids
may have been collecting bones for their marrow and brain tissue
since most other scavengers could not break into them.
* the bulk of the hominid diet has almost always been from
plants.
* Binford (1984) states that convincing evidence for the regular
hunting of big game does not appear in the fossil record until 90,000
years B.P. at the earliest
Discovery: Neanderthal (2001) says neandertal diet was mostly meat, mostly
raw, but they cooked when they could.
@@OIL
Hovind: oil and gas are under too much pressure for millions of
years. He believes it was formed from dinosaurs and people from after
the flood
@@Opinion
MOST EUROPEANS, BUT ONLY HALF OF AMERICANS BUY EVOLUTION VS. CREATIONISM
Nearly half of Americans believe in short-earth creationism, vs. 80%
evolution in Europe.
Creationism Spectrum
46% Netscape 2001
45% Gallup 2000
44% Gallup 1999
42% Pew 2005
20% Europe
\clip\2005\10\usaevolpoll.txt
[USA Today] Gallup Poll: Demographics of Creationism
BIBLE VS. EVOLUTION
Which statement comes closest to your views?
God created human beings in their present form exactly as
described in the Bible
All: 53% Men: 45% Women: 60%
18-29: 54% 30-49: 50% 50-64: 50% 65 and older: 60%
By income level $75K and up: 37% $50K-$74.9K: 51% $30K-$49.9K: 56%
Under 20K: 70%
By religion Catholic: 38% Protestant: 66% Non-Christian: 15% None: 16%
Human beings have evolved over millions of years from other forms of
life, and God guided this process.
All: 31% Men: 34% Women: 29%
18-29: 27% 30-49: 38% 50-64: 32% 65 and older: 20%
By income level $75K and up: 41% $50K-$74.9K: 31% $30K-$49.9K: 22%
Under 20K: 19%
By religion Catholic: 50% Protestant: 25% Non-Christian: 31% None: 29%
Human beings have evolved, but God had no part in the process.
All: 12% Men: 17% Women: 8%
18-29: 17% 30-49: 10% 50-64: 15% 65 and older: 11%
By income level $75K and up: 29% $50K-$74.9K: 12% $30K-$49.9K: 11%
Under 20K: 4%
By religion Catholic: 10% Protestant: 6% Non-Christian: 47% None: 48%
Source: USA TODAY/CNN/Gallup telephone survey of 1,005 on
Sept. 8-11. Margin of error +/- 3 percentage points.
ONLY HALF OF US BELIEVES IN EVOLUTION, 38% FAVOR TEACHING CREATION
Teaching of Creationism Is Endorsed in New Survey
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/31/national/31religion.html
42 percent of respondents held strict creationist
views...
48 percent said they believed that humans had evolved over time. But
of those, 18 percent said that evolution was "guided by a supreme
being," and 26 percent said that evolution occurred through natural
selection. In all, 64 percent said they were open to the idea of
teaching creationism in addition to evolution, while 38 percent
favored replacing evolution with creationism.
Poll July 7-17 by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life and the Pew
Research Center for the People and the Press. The questions about
evolution were asked of 2,000 people
z48\clip\2001\03\gallevo.htm
z48\clip\2001\03\creapoll.txt
POLL RELEASES
March 5, 2001
Substantial Numbers of Americans Continue to Doubt Evolution as
Explanation for Origin of Humans
Gallups February 19-21 poll
45% "God created human beings pretty much in their present form at one time
within the last 10,000 years or so,"
almost half chose one of the two evolution-oriented statements:
37% selected "Human
beings have developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of
life, but God guided this process"
12% chose "Human beings have
developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, but God
had no part in this process."
z48/clipim/2001/02/15/evol/evol.htm
Netscape 2/2001
http://home.netscape.com/polls/Poll-20010212theory.html
Poll: Which theory should be taught in public schools?
Evolution: 54% 32033 votes
Creationism: 46% 27624 votes
59657 votes total
http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/ap/20000703/us/teaching_evolution_1.html
z32\clip\2000\07\evopoll.txt Monday July 3 3:40 AM ET Theory of
Evolution Still in Doubt By JUSTIN POPE, Associated Press Writer
A Gallup Poll conducted last year found that 47 percent of Americans
believe God created human beings, while 49 percent accepted the
theory of evolution - that mankind developed over millions of years
from more primitive species. 68 percent of
Americans favored teaching both creationism and evolution in the
public schools. By a margin of 55 percent to 40 percent, they opposed
replacing evolution with creationism.
In a study of 1,200 college freshmen, Alters found 45 percent of
those who doubted evolution had specific misunderstandings about some
of the science that has been used to confirm the theory
\clip\99\20\gallpoll.txt
Gallup Poll published a few years ago in the U.S. News
and World Report of 23 Dec 1991, pg 59:
1 - 10,000 yr world
2 - old guided by god
3 - no god involved
All Americans 47 40 9.0
Men 39 45 11.5
Women 53 36 6.6
College graduates 25 54 l6.5
No hs diploma 65 23 4.6
http://archives.seattletimes.com/ zip36\clip\99\16\creaev.txt Seattle
Times August 10, 1999 Creationism survives by evolving by Hanna Rosin
The Washington Post According to Gallup polls, about 44 percent of
Americans believe in a biblical creationist view, that "God created
man pretty much in his present form at one time within the last
10,000 years." About 40 percent believe in "theistic evolution," the
idea that God oversaw and guided the millions of years of evolution
that culminated with humankind. Only one in 10 of those surveyed held
a strict, secular evolutionist perspective.
ONLY 40% OF AMERICANS BELIEVE IN EVOLUTION
\priv\96\17\SCITEST.HTM Friday, May 24, 1996 · Page A1 San Francisco
Chronicle "Americans Flunk Science Basics" Charles Petit, Chronicle
Science Writer How long does it take the Earth to go around the sun?
Only 47 percent of Americans correctly answered that question. Only
40 percent believe in evolution vs. 80% of most other industrialized
nations.
@@Organic Life
BBC News online 16 June, 2000 Sugar in space sweetens chances of life
http://news6.thdo.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_793000/793988.stm
The sugar molecule was detected by its faint radio emission in a
large cloud of gas and dust called Sagittarius B2, some 26,000
light-years away, near the centre of our Galaxy.
z48\clipim\2001\02\13\sugar\sugar.htm
@@Paleozoic
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/paleozoic/paleozoic.html
The Paleozoic Era
The Paleozoic is bracketed by two of the most important events in the
history of animal life. At its beginning, multicelled animals
underwent a dramatic "explosion" in diversity, and almost all living
animal phyla appeared within a few millions of years. At the other
end of the Paleozoic, the largest mass extinction in history wiped
out approximately 90% of all marine animal species.
@@Oxygen
Hovis: There was a layer of water above the atmosphere which fell during the flood, and a layer under the earth. This
doubled the air pressure and twice the oxygen, which explains
why dinosaurs had small nostrils, and why adam and eve lived
so long. Amber has 2x current o2 levels [science does
not confirm this assertion]
@@Pangea
All the modern continents were one 250 million years ago.
http://www.scotese.com/newpage5.htm At the end of the Permian 255 mya
was Greatest Extinction of All Time 99% of all life perished during
the extinction event that marked the end of the Paleozoic Era.
@@Period
http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/HCS210/HortOrigins/ BrDomestic.html
Mesolithic - prefarming
Neolithic - farming
http://dnausers.d-n-a.net/dnetcRrI/mesolithic_period.htm
zip38\clip\99\20\period.htm
Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age)
MESOLITHIC PERIOD
NEOLITHIC PERIOD
The New Stone Age which lasted from about 4000 BC to 2000 BC.
BRONZE AGE
The beginning of this period is marked at around 2000 BC by the appearance of a new type of
pottery, the Beaker, and by the occurrence in graves of small copper objects, like daggers, awls and
flat axes
http://www.ukans.edu/~hoopes/110-h7.htm
Anthropology 110/310: Introduction to Archaeology
zip38\clip\99\20\period.htm
Stone Age - Meso-Neolithic
Mesolithic (10,000 to between 6000 and 4000 BC) nomadic hunter gather
Neolithic (begins ca. 8000 BC in Near East, begins and ends at dif-ferent times throughout the Old
World) farming domestication
Chalcolithic 3,000 BC copper
Bronze Age - period which corresponds to the flourishing of the first ancient civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia,
India, China, and the Mediterranean in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC.
Iron Age - corresponds to the introduction and spread of iron
technology for weapons and tools after the 2nd millennium BC.
?? Industrial Age - 1800
?? Space Age - 1960
?? Information Age - 1980
@@Plesiosaurus
Swimming aquitic reptile. It is not a dinosaur, but that was what
they first thought. LIve in the Cretaceous period, which is the last
of the 3 ages of dinosaurs 65-136m years ago.
@@Poem
Cosmic Mischief
@@Poles
The poles didn't always have ice:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/pli.html Of even greater impact
was the accumulation of ice at the poles, which would lead to the
extinction of most species living there, as well as the advance of
glaciers and ice ages of the Late Pliocene and the following
Pleistocene.
@@Polkinghorne
Apr 27, 2001 speech in Seattle by Discovery Institute. Physicist and
Anglican priest, president of Queens College at Cambridge U, Belief
in God in an Age of Science, The Faith of a Physicist, Quarks, Chaos
and Christianity. Speech was along the lines "The Friendshipo
between Science and Religion" sounded like "God is on the side of
Darwin", and how marvelous the "accident" of evolution of the
universe is.
@@Primate
Friday Oct 15, 199 Fossil holds clue to monkey puzzle By Roger
Highfield, Science Editor "THE ancestor of all monkeys and apes lived
in Asia, not Africa as currently thought, according to scientists who
have discovered 40 million-year-old fossil teeth and jaw fragments
from a new species of early primate."
http://www.telegraph.co.uk:80/et?ac=000208632407947&rtmo= kLYJe3Np&atmo=777777ot&pg=/et/99/10/15/wape15.html
zip38\clip\99\19\puzzle.txt
http://www.telegraph.co.uk:80/et?ac=000208632407947&rtmo= kLYJe3Np&atmo=777777ot&pg=/et/96/4/8/nlink06.html
zip38\clip\99\19\link.htm
April 8, 1996 40 million-year-old fossil may be evolutionary link By
Roger Highfield, Science Editor THE FOSSIL remains of a mouse-sized
fruit-eating creature that lived 40 million years ago could be the
missing link between the earliest primates and the monkeys and apes
that are thought to be man's ancestors.
@@Probability
Creationist - any sufficiently improbable event is impossible
Evolutionist - most common events are improbable, but they happen
- the chance of yesterday's lotto number
- the chance that you would be born of your 2 parents
IT IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR A DECK OF CARDS TO BE SHUFFLED INTO ANY SPECIFIC
SEQUENCE
"Adam Marczyk" 2/2001 There are 52 cards in a
standard deck. Therefore, if you were to shuffle that deck so that
the cards were randomly permuted, the chances of any specific
arrangement turning up are 1 in 52!, roughly 8 times 10^67, or one in
eighty million trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion. Clearly,
these odds are astronomically small. We therefore see that it is
impossible to shuffle a deck of cards.
@@Psychology
SCARES THE LEFT, EMBRACED BY THE RIGHT
z48\clip\2001\03\evpsy.txt Evolutionary Psychology and Its True
Believers By Andrew Ferguson Weekly Standard, 1.3.19 It's a
particular kind of Darwinism that has the left-wingers worried.
Twenty-five years ago it ran under the name sociobiology; since then
it has been slightly modified and rechristened "evolutionary
psychology." review of Alas, Poor Darwin: Arguments Against
Evolutionary Psychology, a collection of essays edited by Hilary and
Steven Rose and published late last year.
Norman Levitt
Transcripts and audio of a four part radio series about evolutionary
psychology,
The Descent of Man, currently airing in Australia are available at
following URL
http://www.abc.net.au/science/descent/default.htm
@@Punctuated Equilibrium
http://ww2.customcpu.com/mgroseth/origins/ PunctuatedEquilibrium.html
Darwin's theory of gradual evolution has been replaced by a new
theory which started in 1985. The new theory was developed to match
the evidence of the fossil record, which shows species appearing
suddenly, varying slightly, and then becoming extinct.
@@Pyramids of Giza
http://www.fgsd.winnipeg.mb.ca/vmc/swaweb/cc/ccswow6.htm The great
pyramids of Giza were built around 2700-2500 BC as tombs for the
pharoahs (rulers of ancient Egypt, who held the status of gods on
earth ).
@@Teaching
Some christian groups object to the teaching of scientific evolution
in schools because it conflicts with their belief that a literal
interpretation of the bible means the earth is only 6,000 years old
and that the universe was created in 6 days.
z47\clipim\2001\01\09\evolsci\evolsci.htm
http://www.edexcellence.net/library/lerner/gsbsteits.html#Diversity
Fordham Foundation report GOOD SCIENCE, BAD SCIENCE: TEACHING
EVOLUTION IN THE STATES slams state standards which give in to
creationists, good survey of people, mostly protestant "young earth"
creationists who object to evolution.
KANSAS REPUBLICANS CHOSE PRO-EVOLUTION SCHOOL BOARD
z45\clip\2000\08\evup.txt Evolution Foes Dealt a Defeat in Kansas
Vote By PAM BELLUCK NYT, 2000.8.3
CHICAGO, Aug. 2 -- Voters in Kansas have repudiated the state
school board's removal of human evolution from the state science
standards, making it all but certain that the decision will be
overturned.
@@Technology
%%Manmade
Manmade technologies show many similarities with evolution. A device
is invented, then many similar devices spring up, there are waves of
innovation, and shakeouts. Successful models often last for very long
with minor "evolutionary" changes. The "punctuated equilibrium" model
is the best, since what you observe is a small number of key
innovations followed by periods of stability.
Aircraft
Biplane prop -> WWI Fighter Spad 1915
Monoplane prop fighter -> WWII Fighter P-51 1942
Monoplane prop transport -> DC-3 -> DC-7
Jet straight wing -> Korea P-80 1948
Jet swept wing subsonic figther -> Korea F-86 Sabre -> A-7 1951
Narrow body swept wing bomber / transport -> Boeing B-47 -> Boeing 757
Jet supersonic fighter -> Vietnam F-4 Phantom -> F-22 1955-now
1930s reel-reel tape + professional (nearly extinct)
| + personal (extinct 1976)
|
+ 1965-75 8 track cartridge (car/home)
|
+ 1965 cassette
+ 1969-now pocket recorder (still made)
+ 1966-now piano key mono recorder (still made)
+ 1966-76 mono am/fm (extinct 1980s)
+ 1972-now boom box (still made)
+ 1969-now hifi deck
+ 1969-1975 top loading (extinct)
+ 1975-now front loading piano key (low end)
+ 1978-now front loading logic keys (still made)
+ 1975-6 Elcasette (extinct, attempt to harness faster tape)
+ 1986-now DAT (extinct consumer, professional only)
+ 1990-Phillips digital cassette (extinct)
+ 1990-now MD (popular outside US, gaining in US now)
Vans
+ 1950-1985 VW air-cooled station wagon (extinct)
+1961-62 Chevy Corvair van (extinct)
+1986-now fwd Vanagon (not popular)
+ 1960 Flat nose vans engine between front seat
+1970-1992 Toyota/Japanese
+1960-1969 Ford
+1960-1970 Chevy
+1960-1970 Dodge
+ 1970 Short nose Ford Econoline moves engine up front
+ 1971-now Dodge and Chevy move engine farther up front
+ 1974-now Ford moves engine as far as they are today
+ 1982-now Dodge moves engine farther forward
Modern vans are just restyles of original 1970-1973 designs
+ 1982 Rear wheel drive minivan (nearly extinct)
+ 1986-1997 Ford Aerostar - see Windstar
+ 1986-now Chevy Astro - re positioned as large midi-van, see APV
+ 1982 Front-wheel drive Minivan. Replaces 7 passenger full size vans
+ Plymouth Dodge adaption of K-car defines class
+ 1991 Nissan Quest adopts layout
+ 1990 Chevy APV adopts FWD layout, refined in 1997 Venture
+ 1994 Ford Windstar adopts layout
+ 1997/8 Honda/Toyota adopt layout
Every minivan now copies the 1982 Chyrsler layout.
Computers
Mainframes
Current mainframe computer architecture is an evolution of a design
from the 1960s, the S/360
+1960s IBM S/360
+1970s IBM S/370
1980s AS/400
Business Minicomputers
The 2 surviving proprietary and 1 "open" minicomputer operating
systems date from the 1970s:
Proprietary systems
PDP-11 1970-1997
DEC Vax 1976-now
HP3000 1974-now
Unix 1974-now
Personal Computers
The two dominant personal computer architectures were basically
set in the 1980s. MS-DOS is a virtual clone of CP-M
Apple II - 1975-1990
Apple 68000 1984-1992 Macintosh
Apple PowerMac 1992-now Macintosh
Intel/CP-M
Intel8086/IBM PC/MS-DOS
Intel386/Windows3.1
Intel Pentium/Windows95
MANMADE INNOVATION ALSO FOLLOWS RULES OF EVOLUTION
On 2000-06-23 John.van.Wyhe@Cambrdge.org.uk said: List members might
be interested in a new book by Cambridge Uni Press which I am reading
now: John Ziman, ed., Technological Innovation as an Evolutionary
Process. "Technological artefacts and biological organisms 'evolve'
by very similar processes of blind variation and selective retention.
This analogy is explored systematically, for the first time, by a
team of international experts from evolutionary biology, history and
sociology of science and technology, cognitive and computor science,
economics, psychology, education, cultural anthropology and research
management.
z56\doc\web\2002\05\scievol.txt
Notes by Steven Tripp
Basalla, G. (1988). The evolution of technology. London: Cambridge
University.
Holton, G. (1988). Thematic origins of scientific thought (Revised ed.).
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
@@Race
Creationists believe that all people are descendents of the sons of
Noah. Evolutionists believe that races and lanaguages evolved from
common ancestors long before the dating of the flood.
EDEN IN KUWAiT, ALL RACES EVOLVED AFTER NOAH 5,000 YA
z47\doc\web\2000\12\crearace.txt ..typically date the origin of
modern races to the Tower of Babel (on a strict YEC chronology, that
would be around 2250 BC.... don't believe in macro-evolution, but
they make up for it by REALLY believing in microevolution; all the
differences, originated in the few thousand years since the end of
Noah's Flood From: steven_j@my-deja.com
z45\clipim\2000\08\23\racedna.htm
z39\clipim\2000\02\14\race\raceyes.htm raceno.htm
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/race.html "E. Aranyosi" : It's a
debate between Dr. C. Loring Brace and Dr. George W. Gill about the
reality, or lack thereof, of "race" as defined by American popular
ideology.
@@Racism
z49\clip\2001\04\evolrace.txt DARWIN CALLED SOURCE OF RACISM BR
legislator calls theory racist 4/18/01 Advocate BR legislator calls
theory racist By WILL SENTELL Capitol News Bureau Tonja Myles, right,
joins state Rep. Sharon Weston Broome= , D-Baton Rouge, during a
briefing session on a legislative resolution that= condemns Charles
Darwin's theory of evolution as racist. [photo shows 2 black persons]
PASSING OF THE GREAT RACE - THREAT TO WHITES FROM RACE MIXING greatra.txt Written during the First
World War, 'The Passing of the Great Race' was a best-seller when
printed in 1916, and was revised and reprinted in 1918 by Charles
Scribner's Sons, a major New York based publishing company. Grant,
then chairman of the New York Zoological Society; trustee, American
Museum of Natural History; and councilor, American Geographical
Society (i.e. hardly a fringe-thinker), argues for an ethnological
model of Nordic supremacy and heridity/racial foundation of the
history of Europe that would have done the German NSDAP and Nazi
philosophers like Alfred Rosenberg proud. After World War II, books
like 'Passing' became guilty of 'Crimethink' in an increasingly
multi-cultural society,
@@Radioactive Dating
Evolutionists use radioactive date to put absolute rather than
relative dates on items. Creationists argue that since radioactive
dating is not reliable, and it conflicts with a 6,000 year old earth,
it is useless.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/radiometric.html
zip36\clipim\99\08\18\radio\radio.htm
Although Boltwood's ages have since been revised, they did show
correctly that the duration of geologic time would be measured in
terms of hundreds-to-thousands of millions of years.
%%Assumptions
http://ww2.customcpu.com/mgroseth/origins/RadiometricDating. html
Radiometric Dating
Four assumptions must be made for most dating systems:
1.Uniformitarianism = R was constant over the period in question.
2.Closed Isolated System = No outside influences affected the system, .
3.Base Initial Conditions = There was no B to start with, .
4.Conservation (which can be considered as part of #2) = All of A
either remained A or was converted to B, .
%%Constant Decay
Creationists believe radioactive decay must not be constant in order
to explain a 6,000 year old planet, however this has not been
observed. Any variations found are 20 order of magnitude smaller
than that needed to explain a young earth.
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html#constant
zip36\clip\99\16\faq-age-of-earth.html
To summarize: both experimental evidence and theoretical
considerations preclude significant changes to rates of radioactive
decay. The limits placed are somewhere between ten and twenty orders
of magnitude below the changes which would be necessary to accomodate
the apparent age of the Earth within the young-Earth timescale (by
means of accelerated decay).
%%K-AR
%%Potassium Argon
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/radiometric.html
zip36\clipim\99\08\18\radio\radio.htm The potassium-argon method can
be used on rocks as young as a few thousand years as well as on the
oldest rocks known. Potassium is found in most rock-forming minerals,
the half-life of its radioactive isotope potassium-40 is such that
measurable quantities of argon (daughter) have accumulated in
potassium-bearing minerals of nearly all ages, and the amounts of
potassium and argon isotopes can be measured accurately, even in very
small quantities. Where feasible, two or more methods of analysis are
used on the same specimen of rock to confirm the results.
%%inaccurate
http://ww2.customcpu.com/mgroseth/origins/RadiometricDating. html
Radiometric Dating
Assumptions 2 and 3 previously discussed in the section on dating
methods are crucial to this method of dating. They are also flawed.
Modern rocks formed from volcanoes often yield ages of a billion
years or more because initial amounts of Lead, Argon and Strontium
are present. In addition, a single rock will yield several ages 100s
of millions of years apart.
13 Aug 1998 14:06:11 GMT, matts2@ix.netcom.com (Matt
Silberstein) wrote:
> This is not. It is entirely built upon the assumption that:
> 1. the rate of radioactive decay has not varied,
> 2. the rock's content of daughter lead at time zero is known, and
> 3. no parent uranium or daughter lead was either added to or taken
> from the rock since time zero.
@@Random Chance
Proteins cannot form by random
chance Actually atoms combine to form complex molecules all the
time, amino acids can be created by adding electricity to some basic
molecules.
@@Red Shift / Doppler effect
Known spectrum lines for elements from stars appear "shifted" towards
the red, in accordance with the Doppler effect. This is commonly used
to conclude the universe is expanding in all directions, and the
faster an object is moving away, the farther it is away. If you run
the system backwards, you get a universe which started with a "big
bang" 10 to 20 billion years ago, you can also predict the farthest
objects you should be able to see - which have been observed by very
powerful telescopes.
Creationists believe there are other explanations such as
non-constant speed of light.
%%Creation
http://www.parentcompany.com/creation_explanation/cx6h.htm
%%Non constant light velocity
http://www.best.com/~dolphin/cdkconseq.html
Implications of Non-Constant Light Velocity by Lambert Dolphin
@@Religion
%%As Religion
\clip\99\16\darwchu.txt The Wall Street Journal August 16, 1999
Commentary The Church of Darwin By Phillip E. Johnson, professor of
law at the University of California, Berkeley, and the author of
"Darwin on Trial" (Intervarsity Press, 1993)._
%%Compatible
Stan Pruss Conventional geologists believe each layer of strata was laid down at the bottom of the seas during different eras separated by millions of years of time.
Earth revealed - 19th century named the strata in relative sequence. Fossils always show up in the same sequence and strata, original horizontality holds sediments were originally horizontal. Later radio dating consistent with earlier estimates and ordering. Cambrian and other layers named for sites where things were found
http://www.kjvbible.org/ Christian Geology Ministry When you honestly think through all these considerations, it becomes quite clear that the fossils of the earth's sedimentary rock layers have been there a long, long time. Those creatures were dead and buried and the strata was already present on the planet when we find the earth void and without form at Genesis chapter 1, verse 2. No other interpretation meets all the criteria of truth.
\zip36\clipim\99\08\24\SedimentLayers.htm http://ww2.customcpu.com/mgroseth/origins/SedimentLayers.html Sediment layers Origins of the Column The standard geological column is composed of 10 layers or strata; the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. The standard geological column was first devised by catastrophists and scientific creationists prior to 1860. Approximately 77% of the earth's surface area has 7 or more of the 10 strata missing; approximately 94% of the earth's surface has 3 or more strata missing; and approximately 99.6% has at least 1 strata missing. Only few locations, like west Nepal, west Bolivia and central Poland, actually contain all 10 strata.
Hovind evolution debate "It's a big hoax" There is no such thing as a index fossil. It all happened over a few months. Clams live on the bottom, birds will end up on top. It's only found in textbooks All of the layers of the earth are the same age.
@@Sumerian
The Sumerians published the first known version of the Genesis story,
but it had many instead of only one god.
%%Myth
The Assyro-Babylonian Mythology FAQ version 1.8
history. Similar, evolved from Sumerian dieties
zip36\clip\99\16\assyrbabyl-faq.html
http://pubpages.unh.edu/~cbsiren/sumer-faq.html
Sumerian Mythology FAQ (Version 1.11html)
by Christopher Siren, 1992,1994
zip36\clip\99\16\sumer-faq.html
Sumer may very well be the first civilization in the world
7,000 start of farming villages
5,000 Sumeria collapses
Sumerian cuneform, the earliest written language, was borrowed by the
Babylonians, who also took many of their religious beliefs. In fact,
traces and parallels of Sumerian myth can be found in Genesis.
The Jemdat Nasr period lasted from 3200 BC to 2900 BC. It was not
particularly remarkable and most adequately described as an extenson
and slowing down of the Uruk period. This is the period during which
the great flood is supposed to have taken place.
The bulk of Sumerian parallels are the book of Genesis. As in
Genesis, the Sumerians' world is formed out of the watery abyss and
the heavens and earth are divinely separated from one another by a
solid dome. The second chapter of Genesis introduces the paradise
Eden, a place which is similar to the Sumerian Dilmun, described in
the myth of "Enki and Ninhursag"
"The Lord God formed man out of the clay of the ground and blew into
his nostrils the breath of life, and so man became a living being."
Enki and Ninmah (Ninhursag) use a similar method in creating man.
Nammu, queen of the abyss and Enki's mother, bids Enki to "Kneed the
'heart' of the clay that is over the Abzu " and "give it form"
The one who cures his rib is named Ninti, whose name means the Queen
of months, (Kramer & Maier 1989: pp. 28-30) the lady of the rib, or
she who makes live. This association carries over to Eve.
The prologue of "Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Underworld" may contain
the predecessor to the tree of knowledge of good and evil. This tree
not only contains a crafty serpent, but also Lilith, the legendary
first wife of Adam.
In the Sumerian ark, the pious Ziusudra is informed of the gods
decision to destroy mankind by listening to a wall. He too weathers
the deluge aboard a huge boat. The flood lasts a long time, but
Ziusudra comes to rest within seven days and not the near year of the
Bible. He does not receive a covenant, but is given eternal life.
@@Sun
@@solar system
The oldest rocks and metorites all come up at about 4.5 b years ago,
as well as models for evolution of the sun.
The planets A&E 4.5 billion years ago a supernova on the edge of the
galaxy exploded, ran into a gas cloud, forming sun once enough gas
collected, remaining heavy elements formed planets
The Solar FAQ Solar Neutrinos and Other Solar Oddities 1998,1999 by
Sverker Johansson
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-solar.html#_Toc430357861 This
process can be used to calculate the age of a star. In the sun's case
the result conforms nicely to expectations from radioactive dating of
the rest of the solar system (around 4.55 billions of years (Strahler
1987), leading to a predicted age of the sun of 4.563 -4.576 billions
of years (Wasserburg 1995)). Guenther & Lemarque (1997) find 4.5± 0.1
billions of years for the age of the sun, whereas Brun & Turck-Chieze
& Morel (1998) favor an age closer to 4.6 billions of years, as do
Dziembowski et al (1998).
@@Supernova
talkorigins.org FAQ "Supernovae, Supernova
Remnants and Young-Earth Creationism" [1]
http://www.valinor.freeserve.co.uk/supernova.html
SN1987A directly measured as 186,000 light years from earth
z47\clipim\2001\01\24\sn1987a\sn1987a.htm
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Thebes/7755/ancientproof/SN1987A.html
SN1987A and The Antiquity of the Universe by Todd S. Greene. Measures
how long shockwave hit the closest vs farthest part of radius around
exploding star, which gives radius in light year of ring, solve for
distance given apparent size of the ring in arc seconds. Now
let's plug everything in:
1.radius = 6.23 x 1012 km (see note 1 below) = 0.658 light-years
2.angle = 0.808 arcseconds (see note 1 below) = 0.000224 degrees
3.distance = 0.658 ly ÷ tan(0.000224)
4.distance = 0.658 ly ÷ 0.00000392
5.distance = 168,000 light-years
Note that taking the measurement error limits into account makes this
value 168,000 light-years ± 3.5%.
@@Television
Getting the Facts Straight: A Viewer's Guide to the PBS Series
"Evolution" Discovery Institute is pleased to release its
comprehensive "Viewer's Guide," downloaded in PDF
format on Discovery's special website for the series,
http://www.reviewevolution.com,
z52\clipim\2001\09\25\viewersGuide.pdf
@@Tidal Rhythmites / Time
Sediments are often deposited with the tides and years, geologists
can compute how many years it took for sediments to develop (this
proving that it didn't all happen in one year for all sediments as
creationists claim) and even showing how the length of a day varied
compared to the length of a lunar month or a solar year.
http://adamite.igs.indiana.edu/indgeol/time/tidaltime.htm
z47\clipim\2001\01\17\tides\tidaltime.htm
Andrew MacRae: Layer by layer, the sediment records the tidal events
like the ticks of a clock, day after day, over a period of months and
(if thick enough) years. From that, all sorts of lunar, earthly, and
solar astronomical cycles can be detected, and their long-term
changes studied over geological time. Rhythmites are also a very
sensitive indicator of the environment of deposition.
@@Timeline
http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/reference/scales/geohist1.txt
Evolutionary/Geological Timeline Version 1.0
\zip\zip36\clipim\99\08\19\geohist1.txt
http://ww2.customcpu.com/mgroseth/origins/AgesOfEarth.html
The Ages of the Earth
@@Toba Eruption
The Eruption of Toba was seen as a key moment in human evolution, as
population fell to as few as 1,000 worldwide.
From: Henry Harpending [mailto:harpend@xmission.com]
Sent: Wednesday, November 22, 2000 10:05 AM
> Do we really have good reasons to think that the population crashed rather
> than there just being reproductive isolation?
Absolutely not. We had an awful time with the BBC crew since they had a
script and we did not have the proper enthusiasm for their scenario. The
idea that Toba is responsible for the human genetic pattern is, IMHO,
marginally plausible only.
\clip\99\21\volcwin.txt University Of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign
(http://www.uiuc.edu/) Posted 9/8/98
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/09/980908074159.htm
http://www.admin.uiuc.edu/NB/98.09/Volcanic.html news release Ancient
'Volcanic Winter' Tied To Rapid Genetic Divergence In Humans
CHAMPAIGN, Ill. -- A new hypothesis about recent human evolution
suggests that a horrific "volcanic winter" 71,000 years ago, followed
by the coldest 1,000 years of the last Ice Age, brought widespread
famine and death to modern human populations around the world.
@@Tools
The use of tools predates modern human beings. The use of stone tools
predates Biblical culture. Adam and Eve did not hunt mammoths with
stone knives.
History Channel Power Tools October 1999 Homo Habilis (handyman) was
about 3 evolutionary generations, 2.5 million years away, was 3.5 ft
tall, 1/3 brain size of modern humans, was first to make sharp tools
from stone. Also hammers for cracking nuts and bones to get marrow.
Believed to spark evolution, after this comes change in teeth and
brain. 1.5 million years hand axe with wide flat cutting edge. 0.5
smaller "steak knife" style edges. 100,000 yrs modern humans near
Neanderthal - rock tied to a stick. 6,500 yrs ago end of stone age.
Mesopotamia found copper could be used for tools. Egyptians had hand
drills. 1100BC iron . Clawed hammer head Roman Empire 2000 ya
The name of this species, Homo habilis, which means "Handy Man",
comes from the early stone tools with which it was associated. This
small-brained specimen comes from East Turkana,
http://www.amnh.org/enews/skulls/s5.html
@@Torralba, Spain
Large kill site of Homo Erectus in Spain at least 400,000 years ago.
Bones of elephants, rhinos, deer, but no dinosaurs. Evidence of fires
used to drive elephants into the swamp where they were trapped.
http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/archaeology/sites/europe/torralba.html
z47\clipim\2001\01\18\torralba\torralba.htm
The Emergence of Man John E. Pfeiffer 1969 p. 112
http://www.dla.utexas.edu/depts/anthro/courses/98spring/selby302/lecture2.html
The meaning of progress
z47\clipim\2001\18\progress\progress.htm
Homo erectus was a big game hunter: the first predator that they had
ever had. Burst into a world that was a new ecological niche. Hunted
in groups; using stratagems and communication. They clearly had
empathic communication which is the communication of emotion. But
speech is probable too. Bulge on the left frontal love called Broca's
area. Developed in fossil skulls previous to homo erectus (H.
habilis, 2,000,000 years ago H. erectus, by 300,000 ybp was
approaching human standards of conduct. Complex communication (but
not true language) was possible among them, much more complicated
than that of modern day chimpanzees for whom over 300 different calls
have been recorded.
@@Tower of Babel
zip36\clipim\99\08\18\babel\babel.htm
http://unmuseum.mus.pa.us/babel.htm Babylon was one of a number of
cities built by a succession of peoples that lived on the plain
starting around 5,500 years ago Archaeologists examining the remains
of the city of Babylon have found what appears to be the foundation
of the tower: a square of earthen embankments some three-hundred feet
on each side. The tower's most splendid incarnation was probably
under King Nebuchadnezzar II who lived from 605-562 BC. The King
rebuilt the tower to stand 295 feet high.
@@Trade
TRADING IS WHY HOMO SAPIENS DOMINATED OVER NEANDERTHAL
\clip\2005\04\homotrade.txt
Economist.com
HOMO ECONOMICUS?
Apr 7th 2005
...the thesis propounded by Jason
Shogren, of the University of Wyoming, and his colleagues. For Dr
Shogren is suggesting that trade and specialisation are the reasons
HOMO SAPIENS displaced previous members of the genus, such as HOMO
NEANDERTHALENSIS (Neanderthal man), and emerged triumphant as the only
species of humanity.
@@Transitional Forms
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-transitional.html
Actually there's quite a bunch of transitoinal fossils,
especially of newer animals.
@@Tree of Life (Phylogeny)
%%General
The tree of life
http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/phylogeny.html
One branch per page
From the base to primates:
,===== Eubacteria ("True bacteria", mitochondria, and chloroplasts)
|
=====|||||| Archaea (Methanogens, Halophiles, Sulfolobus, and relatives)
|
`===== Eukaryotes (Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals, etc.)
?=== Viruses
====== Microsporidia
|===== Retortamonads
<<===|
|
====== Mitochondrial Eukaryotes (animals, plants, and most other eukaryotes)
===|
===| === Crown Eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, stramenopiles, etc.)
===| |
======| | ====== Dictyosteliida
=== Metazoa (animals)
===|
======| |
| | ====== Choanoflagellates
| |
| ========= Fungi (mushrooms, molds, yeast, chytrids, etc.)
|
|============== Green Plants (green algae and land plants)
| | | ========= Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crabs, etc.)
| | | |
| | | | ====== Annelida (segmented worms)
| | | | | | |============== Mollusca (snails, clams, squids, etc.)
| | |
| | | ============ Chordata (vertebrates and relatives)
| | | ===|
| | | ===| ============ Hemichordata
| | | ===| |
| | ==D=| | =============== lophophorates
<<===| | === Cephalochordata (amphioxus)
===| ===|
===| === Yunnanozoon
|
====== Craniata (hagfishes and vertebrates)
Hyperotreti (hagfishes)
---- Vertebrata (lampreys and jawed vertebrates)
==2==| |
==3==|===== Osteostraci
|
====== Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates)
=== Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes and four-legged vertebrates)
==Osteichthyes=|
==Teleostomi=| === Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
===1=| |
<<===| | ================== Acanthodii
| =============================== Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, sawfish, and chimeras)
<<===| | ====== Dipnoi
| |
======| ====== Rhizodontimorpha
| |
===| === Osteolepimorpha
===|
=== Terrestrial vertebrates (mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds etc.)
Mammals birds === Amniota
| ======= Living Amphibians
| ===|
===================== Synapsida (mammals and their extinct relatives)
==|
======= Diapsida (lizards, crocodiles, birds, Sphenodon, and their extinct relatives)
=== Therapsida (mammals and their extinct relatives)
Eutheria
| ======| ================== Rodentia
| | ================== Primates
Berkeley
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/threedomains.html
%%Heirarchy
HTTP://biology.fullerton.edu/courses/biol_403/web/Hierarchies. html
@@Trees
Trees produce rings of growth each year, these can be matched to date
sites where there is wood and charts have been made of rings.
%%Creation
Creationists deny any dating system that goes beyond 6,000 years,
including tree rings.
hovind: oldest tree is 4300 yr old. Tree ring dating not
reliable unless it agrees with bible
mommy1995 A ring on a tree does not
stand for a year like they use to believe. It wasn't till recently
that they found that 1 ring stand for a period of time not just 1
year.
%%Oldest
Earth Revealed - scientists have found trees as old as 8,000 years old
http://www.jhutin-arbor2000.com/
zip36\clipim\99\08\18\trees\trees.htm
Oldest trees in world: up to 20,000 years
for Huon Pine in Tasmania
http://biology.fullerton.edu/courses/biol_445/web/bristle.htm While
the coast redwood can reach 300 feet tall and a giant sequoia's trunk
alone can weigh 1385 tons, none can match the longevity of the Great
Basin Bristlecone Pine, Pinus longavea. These subalpine conifers have
been aged at an astounding 4,900 years old. Due to this noteworthy
characteristic, a vast array of information is available on these
trees.
%%Rings
zip36\clipim\99\08\24\treering\treering.htm
http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/student/nang/treering.htm Common
Species for Tree-Ring Dating Nang Kham Noam, Quaternary Geology, ES
767, Spring '97 Trees recorded the climatic and evironmental
changes and provided information to reconstruct past events such as
floods, droughts, temperature changes, forest fires, earthquakes,
etc. Laboratory of tree-ring research at the University of Arizona
used crossdating to reconstruct the past climate back to 9000 years.
Besides crossdating, tree-rings are used for calibration of the
radiocarbon time scale and can be drawn back to nearly 10,000 years.
If radiocarbon calibration of tree-rings is combined with varve
records, timescales can be drawn back to 28,000 years.
\zip36\clipim\99\08\24\ringdate\ringdate.htm
http://ww2.customcpu.com/mgroseth/origins/TreeRings.html In 1957
Schulman found a Bristlecone dating back 4600 years. The tree is not
marked for its own protection. Laboratory tests have shown that
under various conditions, like a particularly wet season, the trees
can grow more than 1 ring. The research has even suggested that many
periods in history may have been characterized by the growth of an
extra ring every four years. This tends to indicate that the tree
ring series extends back something less than some sources claim.
TREE RINGS DATE ABANDONED MESA SITE 700-1200 AD
\doc\web\99\12\treering.txt Solving the Riddles of Wetherill Mesa
National Geographic February 1964
See "Secrets of the Southwest Solved by Talkative Tree Rings" by
Andrew E. Douglass, National Geographic December 1929
http://www.ltrr.arizona.edu/
The Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research was organized in 1937 as an
outgrowth of the pioneering tree-ring studies initiated by Andrew
Ellicott Douglass at the University of Arizona in 1906.
Crossdating in Dendrochronology: Ring Anomalies Question: If one tree
ring is grown each year ("annual rings"), why not just count the
rings? Answer: Ring growth is not always annual: Occasionally, a ring
isn't grown during a year -- called "locally absent" or "missing" for
that year http://tree.ltrr.arizona.edu/skeletonplot/ringanomalies.htm
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-noahs-ark.html#implications Mark
Isaak Why is there no evidence of a flood in tree ring dating? Tree
ring records go back more than 10,000 years, with no evidence of a
catastrophe during that time. [Becker & Kromer, 1993; Becker et al,
1991; Stuvier et al, 1986]
@@Trilobites
The first wildly successful complex animals, came up from soft worms,
turned into arthropods (bugs). 2nd in fame only to dinosaurs. Now
extinct, died out with Permian extinction 255M years ago.
Creationists like Hovind believes that they lived the same time as
all the other creatures, and there is evidence they are still alive
today. (But there isn't any evidence of evolution)
Kevin's trilobite page
http://www.ualberta.ca/~kbrett/Trilobites.html
Springina looks like a trilobite, but it's a
soft worm.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vendian/spriggina.html
The striking Vendian fossil Spriggina (shown here) and its close
relative Marywadea make up the Sprigginida, a clade of soft-bodied
organisms that are restricted to the Precambrian.
1998/05/06 Author: Mark Isaak karl wrote: Trilobites are found the
same way, that is, millions of them spread out through the fossil
record as demonstrated in the various strata . When they are found
there is only slight differences between the trilobite fossils. Once
again, there is no intermediates or proto-trilobites ancestral linage
found. ... You seem to be neglecting the fact that intermediate and
proto-trilobites have been found.
@@Uniformitarianism
http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/4059.asp
zip36\clipim\99\08\24\study\study.htm
[Classic] Uniformitarianism is the philosophy that process have
always occurred at roughly constant rates (the present is the key to
the past). Catastrophism is the belief that processes have
occasionally occurred as the result of a catastrophic (violent) event
(such as flood, volcano, etc.)
@@Universe
%%Creation
Creationists believe the universe was created during the first few
days of creation. Interestingly, even though the stars in the sky
have been constant throughout recorded history, the stars are far
enough away that even if they were created 6,000 years ago, most of
the stars would not be visible for millions of years. They
acknowledge that stars do "evolve" in that they explode and leave
nebulas, but they do not believe we have seen any stars being created.
%%Evolution
How do we know how old the universe is?
* The most distant stars and galaxies are 12B light years away
* Turn the expansion of the universe backwards, depending on the
Hubble constant
* Radioactive dating with supernova events
http://cfpa.berkeley.edu/darkmat/bbage.html Independent age estimates
For a value of H=50 km/sec/Mpc, we have an age of 10 billion years,
while for H=100 km/sec/Mpc, the age is 20 billion years. Hence, we
conclude that the age of the Universe, as derived from Hubble's Law,
is somewhere between 10 and 20 billion years old.
Radioactive dating: The heavy elements in the Universe were largely
produced in supernova explosions. In order to estimate the age of the
Universe, we must combine the age of the radioactive elements with
the supernova age. The rate of supernova events in our Galaxy is
estimated to be about one every 30 years or so. If we add in the time
for galaxy formation, around 1 billion years, we find an estimate for
the age of the Universe in the range between 11 and 18 billion years.
%%Model
Virtual Universe Natural History Magazine April 2004
http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/0404/0404_feature.html
Hayden Planeterium as developed 3D computer model of universe
Virtual Universe
Centuries of astronomy, plus video-game technology,
combine to offer a stunning new perspective on our place in space.
By Brian Abbott, Carter Emmart, and Ryan Wyatt
Click on galaxy for slide sho
Scale of Universe
-----------------
Light Day - just outside the distant space probe, planets
Light Week - planets lost in glare of sun
Light Year - Oort Cloud
20 LY - Dozen closest stars with planets, constellation lines diverge
65 LY - dozens of stars with planets, distance of radio signals
1000 LY - beyond most visible constellation stars
5000 LY - star clusters show how flat galaxy is, center of galaxy visible
(Age of creationist universe)
2M LY - distance to M31
50M LY - out to Virgo galaxy cluster
500M LY - galaxy pattern looks like big soapy web
5G LY - looks like cobweb
13G LY - quasars, edge of visible light
(Age of big bang universe - edge of universe is probably much larger now)
@@Video
www.tlc.com
The Human Journey In Search of Human Origins Trace the origins of
modern man. Visit a South African cave that yielded a 3.3 million
year old skeleton and Africa's Klasies River Mouth, where our ancient
ancestors lived, ate, and raised their families.
Tale of Two Species Explore archeological evidence supporting the
theory that modern humans emerged from Africa while a
similar-looking, yet biologically different, species lived in caves
and rock shelters in the Middle East.
The Creative Explosion As ancient inhabitants of the Middle East
ventured into Asia, they adapted to the changing climate and natural
resources. They discovered a new food source in seafood and exhibited
the first signs of cultural evolution with cremation and rock art.
75,000 yrs ago Toba erupted, 10 year winter, humans fell from 100,000
to as few as 1,000.
@@Vietnamese
From: "Derbyshire, John" Date sent: Fri,
12 Mar 1999 20:11:20 -0000 Vietnamese" women--those who end up in the
U.S.--are racially South-Chinese (ancestors predominantly from
Chaozhou and Shantou)--with only a small admixture of SE Asian
aboriginal. Filipinas, by contrast, descend mostly from the
big-boned big-featured Polynesians that Gauguin painted. Different
body type altogether.
@@Vikings
By Arne Emil Christensen
http://odin.dep.no/ud/nornytt/uda-302.html In the period from 800 to
1050 A.D., the Nordic peoples made their dramatic entry into the
European arena. They stormed forth, terrorizing well established
societies which were accustomed to war, but not to the startling
tactics of the Vikings.
@@Washington Timeline
http://www.spokaneoutdoors.com/timlini.htm
Timeline
40-17 billion years ago --- Cascade Mts formed, Olympic Mts are
islands out to sea.
17-6 million years ago --- Floods of lava cover Columbia Basin,
destroying Columbia River waterway.
6 - 10 thousand years ago --- Washington Ice Age.
40,000 years ago --- First ash deposits from Mt St Helens.
@@Water Wheels
Welcome to Charlotte!
HYDRO POWER .. energy from water! A little over two thousand years
ago, humans began using water power to grind grains. A large wheel
pushed by a stream of running water drove a heavy stone wheel around
in circles, crushing the grain beneath its..
98% 12/11/96 http://www.swifty.com/apase/charlotte/hydro.html
@@Weight of evidence
%%Creation
Hovind: overwhelming weight is creation evidence
@@Wells, Jonathan
z45\clip\2000\10\enddar.txt The Washington Times Commentary Section
October 25, 2000 End of Darwinism? Of the great thinkers who
fashioned the modern worldview, only one — Charles Darwin — remains
inviolable. Evolutionary materialism — the belief that life arose
and evolved by chance — is, after all, a mid-19th century notion.
The missing links and vital fossil records have not been found.
Jonathan Wells is a senior fellow of the Center for the Renewal of
Science and Culture at the Seattle-based Discovery Institute and one
of the luminaries of the emerging Intelligent Design movement "Icons
of Evolution" (Regnery) dissects 10 commonly invoked evidences for
Darwinian evolution.
@@Wheel
It's a little tricky tracking down who made the first wheel, but it
says writing and the wheel were both invented 6-5,000 yrs ago in The
Human Race by Linda Gamlin
http://www.palmetto.org/whit081900.htm WHEN THE WAGONS FIRST ROLLED
WEST August 19, 2000 Whitaker complains that "aryan" Indo-Europeans
don't get proper credit for inventing and spreading the wheel to
Greeks, Egyptians, or Chinese. First wagons 4,000 years ago.
Discovery Mysteries of the Desert Mummies. A fragment of a wheel
3,000 years old was found in the Chinese desert.
http://www.magnet.mt/home/cos/medstat98/malta/history.htm Central
Office of Statistics Auberge D'Italie, Merchant's Street Valletta -
MALTA Equally strange and mysterious are the cart ruts found on many
of the rocky ridges in Malta. The most popular theory is that these
were made by primitive slide-carts used before the invention of the
wheel.
INDIA'S GREAT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WORLD Date: 1999/07/28 Author:
DiscussionTime Let us browse what India
has contributed to the world in the name of humanity: Wheel - modern
transport would be lost without it
1999/03/27 Fabian btw, it weren't
even a white guy who invented the wheel - it were them asians :) And
teh bow and arrow was first invented in Africa - at least, that is
where the oldest examples were found.
NO WHEEL, WRITING, CALENDAR IN AFRICA BY 1850? Al Boyd notes: On
page 100 of Race, Evolution, and Behavior, Rushton cites J.R. Baker's
1974 book Race. In it, Baker summarizes the reports of seven major
white explorers of Africa in the mid-19th century, including Fynn,
Livingstone, and Galton. Areas include those uninfluenced by Arab or
European cultures. The most astonishing observations mentioned are
that by 1850 or so there was 1) no invention of the wheel for pottery
or grinding corn or for vehicular transport
@@Writing
%%alphabetic
Early origins of alphabet found in Egypt desert ST Nov 14, 1999 a9
carved in cliffs, dated 1900-1800 bc, 2-300 yrs earlier than before
%%China
3,400ya Writing in China on bones
%%Early
OBSCURE CENTRAL ASIAN 4K CULTURE MAY BE SOURCE OF MODERN CHINESE WRITING
z50\clip\2001\07\anau.txt
NYT JUL 31, 2001
Rethinking a History That's Carved in Stone
By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD
a previously unknown civilization that began about 2300 B.C. across
much of modern Turkmenistan and parts of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.
the inscription bears more than a passing resemblance to Chinese
writing not an early script, but one that was not used until about
200 B.C.
humans began expressing themselves with symbols and signs in cave art
and rock carvings as early as 30,000 years ago. The Sumerians, from
what is now southern Iraq, are credited as the first to convert
picture-writing into true writing more than 5,000 years ago.
%%Heiroglyphics
History Channel "The Real Scorpion King" 2002: Says 3250 BC writing
was likely invented by first king of egypt. Tags from his tomb can be
read by heiroglyphics rules, predate and are more complete than
Cueniform
http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/orthography/egypt.html
EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHS
INTRODUCTION The ancient Egyptian language is one of the very oldest
languages of the world. Egyptian was spoken from about 4,000 BC until
the 11th century AD. The Egyptian language has almost 5000 more years
of recorded history than any other human language.
Hieroglyphic (about 3100BC-about AD400) was the earliest script form
of Egyptian.
%%Timeline
http://www.mediahistory.com/time/gallery/cuniform.html
Media history timeline
zip36\clipim\99\08\19\bce\bce.htm
http://www.mediahistory.com/time/bce.html
45,000 BCE: Neanderthal Man carves on Wooly Mammoth tooth, discovered
near Tata, Hungary
30,000: Ivory horse, oldest known animal carving, from mammoth ivory,
discovered near Vogelherd Germany
28,000: Cro-Magnon notation, possibly of phases of the moon, carved
onto bone, discovered at Blanchard, France
c. 10,000: Engraved antler baton, with seal, salmon and plants
portrayed, discovered at Montgaudier, France
c. 8,000 -- 3100 BCE: In Mesopotamia, tokens used for accounting and
record-keeping
3500 -- 59 B.C.E.
3500 BCE: In Sumer, pictographs of accounts written on clay tablets.
**3250: Dating of King Scorpion tags, first egyptian Heiroglyphics
2200: Date of oldest existing document written on papyrus.
1500: Phoenician alphabet.
1400: Oldest record of writing in China, on bones.
775: Greeks develop a phonetic alphabet, written from left to right.
Irving Fang and Kristina Ross, 1995-1996
%%Punctuation
zip36\clip\99\16\orality.htm
http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/seeker1/scholarly/orality.htm Silent
reading was next to impossible because the Greeks and most ancients
used scriptura continnua - no spaces, no punctuation. It was unknown
to learned people such as St. Augustine. These graphic units were
invented by European monks during the period that we now call the
"Dark Ages," around 600 CE, in the British Isles. Again, spaces and
punctuation seem like a small, almost meaningless innovation, but
they allowed people to read silently and privately to themselves,
without even sub-vocalizing. What modern people today know as
"reading" did not exist before this time. Those small marks made a
very big difference.
%%Vowels
NO VOWELS IN FIRST ALPHABETS
Canaanites were the first to employ an alphabet which evolved from
1800 BC, Phoenician and Early Hebrew were early offshoots. There were
only consonants. Greeks added vowels The Rise of the Greeks M. Grant
p. 356
p. 334 Oldest greek inscription is C 740. Letters derived from
Semitic glottal stops and breathings were employed to signify vowels
sounds
8th century (800) Greeks borrow Phoenician alphabet
zip36\clip\99\16\orality.htm
http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/seeker1/scholarly/orality.htm What
Havelock called the "Greek Revolution" occurred around 700 BCE, and
it is as significant in some ways as the birth of writing itself.
(1986: 98.) What basically happened is that the Greeks of that time
took the Phoenician alphabetic system - and added vowels. However,
the use of vowels in writing facilitates faster language-learning,
because it eliminates phonemic guess-work and makes context less
important in sounding out a word.
http://www.imultimedia.pt/museuvirtpress/ing/alfa/e8.html The Virtual
Museum of Printing-Press The Greek writing is from Semitic origin,
and came directly from the ancient Phoenician. Greeks proceeded to
important alterations in the moment they adopted this alphabet
turning them to a writing made from the left to the write and the
vowels in special letters.