The most popular alternative in 20th century America is the Biblical account given in its entirety on the first page of the Bible, usually in conjunction with the story of Noah and the great flood Though the Bible doesn't have much to say on the topic, Chrisians, mostly fundamentalists, have created volumes of arguments that the literal interpretation, that the earth was created in 7 days 6,000 years ago, and that all men, women, and creatures are descendents of those on the ark, is true. It is widely believed that there is no evidence to support any belief in evolution, a planet or universe more than 6,000 years old.
My view is that the Bible was written by people who wrote what they knew. The Genesis version of the creation and the flood appear to be variations on the Sumerian and Babylonian legends of the city where Abraham's family lived. It's not likely that if God told Abraham about the Big Bang, radioactive decay, or the process of mutation and natural selection it would have been written down. There is no reason to believe that the accuracy of the rest of the bible which is based on actual witnesses is made invalid because the first page was based on what was widely believed at the times.
Philosophically, I have less problem with people who simply taking it on faith the world was created in 6 days 6000 years gao than people who attempt to misuse science discredit science. It seems to come down to whether you have the "faith" to accept that light travels and materials decay at a constant rate, and that materials take millions of years to deposit layers of strata, or discard whatever evidence it takes to uphold an interpretation of scripture.
You can't reject just Darwinism, you have to reject the entire science of geology, the notion of radioactive dating, dating by strata, dating meteor strikes, the rise and fall of dinosaurs, the appearance of life chemicals 3 billion years ago and progression / evolution of life forms whether by mutation or continuous creation, most of astronomy, and anything else science has to say about anything that happened more than 6,000 years ago, which is a lot. You even have to reject fairly simple concepts such as counting tree rings, ice cores, or layers of algae at a bottom of a lake which all result in dates from 20-40,000 years without resort to "unreliable" dating methods. As far as education policy goes, it is immoral to require compulsory attendence to learn what is contrary to one's religious beliefs, whether or not somebody like me think they can prove evolution is science or creation science is not. Even debating the topic can be disrepectful of another's religion. I don't smoke, I don't own guns, and I don't believe in scientific creationism, but I defend the right of Americans to exercise their rights and conscience even if it is different than mine.
also see
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_life
http://www.arthurhu.com/index/evol.htm
Evolution time line time before present
----------------------------------------------------
NO OBSERVABLE EVIDENCE OF ANYTHING BEFORE THIS TIME!
-----------------------------------------------------
IN THE BEGINNING
THE BIG BANG
10^-34 sec universe 10^-33 cm in size, 10 ^32 deg
10^-5 formation of protons and neutrons from quarks
1 sec electrons
3 min helium nuclei
300,000 yr helium hydrogen atoms, visible light
10M first galaxies
400M Red infant galaxy in Hubble ultra deep field aweek 3/15/2004 p. 20
1 million sec exposure
750M Abell 2218 lensed object 25x bright by red shift awk 2/23/2004
1B first stars, quasars galaxies
1B Hubble Deep Field
time from beginning of time
-----------------------------------------------------
time before present
12-16B big bang creation - hubble constant, red shift
16B age of milky way galaxy britannica.com
15B farthest Quasars observable from ground
15B farthest observed galaxy - Hubble red shift
14B 2001 estimate of age of universe
13.5B Gravitational lensing at forming galaxy
12B Farthest cluster of galaxies
13B Oldest stars in Milky Way
7B Oldest observable galaxies from ground
5B? Supernova blows, forming solar system
4.5B Nuclear fires of sun ignited
4.5B+10K Earth begins forming
4.5B Rock from mars - radio date
4.5B+10M Earth reached 64% of present size [5]
4.5B+30M Earth struck by mars-sized object [5]
4.5B+50M Original age of earth from crust rock [5]
4.6B Meteorite with amino acids
4.6B Earth, meteors, solar system and sun - radio, star model
4.4B Moon crust - radio date
4.3B Earth forms layers atmosphere
4.0B Bombardment by planetesimals stops
4-2.5 Archaen Eon Prokaryotes (no nucleus) 1 cell organisms
3.9B Mars rock with bacteria-like magnetite
3.9B 15 hour day, moon 4x apparent size, sun 75% bright
3.8B Earth crust solidifies, oceans form
3.8B Fe3O4 Magnetite ferrous Banded Iron
formations begin to be formed by bacteria.
3.8B Oldest US rocks - radiodate Rhodesian-Kaapvaal craton
3.5B Fossilized prokaryotes
3.5B First bacteria fossils - radiodate/strata
3.5B Stromatolites, limestone with algae
3.5B Photosynthesis
2.5B 5 continents NAm, Europe, Siberia, China, Gondwanaland
2.5-.57 Proterozoic Eon Eukaryotes with cell nucleus and membrane
2.4B Rise in oxygen stop uraninites, starts iron
2.2B Earth is iceball down to 11 deg of equator
1.7B Bottom of Grand Canyon laid down
1.5B Multicellular organisms
1.4B Shungite coal from algae laid down
1B Youngest stars in Milky Way
1B Pikes peak rock (radiodate)
640M Large soft organisms - radio, strata
600M Glacial age
570-500M Cambrian Period
570M Trilobite fossils
544M Phanerozoic / Paleozoic Era - visible life
540M Cambrian - explosion of hard body animals,
520M Pikaia worm with stiff back cord
500-435 Ordovican Period primitive land life
500 Vertebrates - fish
470 Oaklahoma bromide trilobites
470 Jawless fish, no front fin Pteraspis
440 1st great extinction
435 Silurian Period 1st plants and insects on land
435 Ice age
430 Coated algae live on land
420 Water scorpion
420 Millipedes 1st land animals
410M Silurian - jawed fish
408 Spore bearing plants
400M Flying insects burke museum
400M All major fish groups burke scary fishes
380 Cherirolepis oldest ray fin in lake burke
375 Lungfish with lungs, lobe fins burke
fin structure similar to modern human
375 Eastmanosteus jawed fish burke
375 Bothriolepis first common freshwater fish burke
375 Appalacian mountains
375 Sharks
375 Fern trees proto vonifers burke
370 2nd great extinction
410-360 end devonian, low oxygen inoceans killing most fish burke
360 Land animals with limbs appear
360 Early armoured fish no jaw extinct burke
350 Amphibians
350 Ferns - rooted plants
310 Reptiles live out of water
300M Longest ice age
300M Winged insects
2-300M Pangea, dinosaurs emerged
286M Conifers appear
255M Permian greatest extinction of all time
Trilobites died
85% of plants animals die
Ray fin fishes survive
250M Top layer of Grand canyon
245M Mesozoic Era
230M Roaches Termites
228M Euroaptor 1st dinosaur
225M Modern ferns Bees
210M Early mammals
200M Pangea breaks apart
200M Rock dating limit, dating gap
200M Crocodiles, Mammals
163M Dinos, Ammonoids peak
150M Ice age cycle time
145M Archaepteryx first bird
140M Apto(bronto)sauus
140M Stegosaurus
136M Kangaroos
130M Flowering plants
120M Snakes
100M Cranes
100M Fossil sturgeon
100M N cascades meets n america burke
95M Ammonite pre nautilus
70M Tyranasaurus
6-70M Rocky Mountains form
65M Yucatan meteor strike
65M Cenozoic era - modern life, continents
65M Great dinosaur extinction
End of marine reptiles, ammonites
60M Rats Mice Squirrels
56M Carnivora - leads to cats, dogs
45-50 freshwater herring Knightia most common fish fossil
40M Cascades erupt in NW N.America
40M Earliest link to primates
37M Cats appear
35M Grand Canyon river is on plain
28M Koalas
20M Chimpanzee Hominids
20M Start to cut Grand Canyon
18M-6m E washington basalt lava
6M Columbia River Plateau
6M "Millenium Man" first hominid Kenya 2000
5.5M Australopithecus in Africa
5M-50K Neandertal found in Africa?
4.5-6M men diverge from apes (DNA)
4.4M Earliest manlike creatures
4.4M 1994 ethiopia human-like teeth
4.4M Ardipithecus ramidus apelike hominid
3.9-3M Australopithecus afarensis "Lucy", upright chimpanzee
3.8M Tanzania homonid footprints walking
3.2M 1970's Lucy skull
2.8M Leaky 1973 skull
2.7M Lucy splits into africanus, aethipicus, homo?
2.5M enters current ice age
2.5M stone tools Homo Habilis pre-human
2.5M Genus homo found
2.3M Andromeda Galaxy image
1.8M Olduvai gorge ash, early man, radio
1.8M Ice at poles, ice age starts
1.8M-50K Homo Erectus, hunts, builds fire
1.7M First Homo ergaster found out of Africa
1.6M Earliest evidence of homo erectus fire
1.5M Swartkrans S.A. cave oldest human controlled fire
1.5M Hand axe
1.5M Leakey finds Erectus, Habilis, Australopithecus @same time
1.5M Human exodus from Africa to Europe Asia (Last Neaderthal)
1M Homo erectus fire
750K Definitely controlled fire
700K Last reversal of magnetic poles
700k Ice ages begin
600k Zinjanthropus 1961
600k Nanjing Man 580-620 Homo Erectus
500K Java Man (epic of man)
500K Neanderthal and modern man diverge
400K Torralba animal kill site, live in huts, no language
400K Chellean man
400K Peking Man 4/5 modern brain size
350K Simple symbolic thought / art
300K Oldest ice core data
250K Fire widespread
240K Small Magellanic Cloud image
200K Polar Bears evolved ABC news
200K Transition Homo Erectus - HSapiens
200K Arrow heads, harpoons, bows arrows, skin scrapers for clothing
200K Africans split from other humans
200K Mitochondrial Eve (Last Neanderthal)
180K Neanderthal emerges
160K Vladivostock ice core
150K Eve, common mother to all modern humans [eve1]
130K "Pathfinder" found on way out of Africa
120K-0 Homo sapiens leave Africa
110K Euro/Mongoloid split from Africans
100K Potassium Argon dating to billions yr. Dating gap to 50k yrs.
100K Symbolic art blossoms
100K Light Diameter of Milky Way
100K Homo Sapiens reaches middle east
100K Last Homo Erectus "Java" man
50-100K Homo sapiens (Modern races of man)
80K Homo Sapiens leave Africa [mead]
80K Blombos middle stone age cave
75K Toba Eruption - ice age
75K Humans fall from 100,000 to 1,000 (BBC, diputed)
60K Mungo Man oldest DNA, looks, but not related to moderns
60K Australian aborigines - oldest living culture
traveled by boat. Sea Level 250 feet below present
55K Oldest rock painting Australia
10-50K Europeans from 4 mtDNA lines from South Asia
50K Limit of Carbon dating, dating gap to 100,000 years.
Any living thing with less C14 is older than 50K yrs.
50K Meteor Crater Arizona
50K Oldest rocks on Mt St. Helens
47K Neanderthal mammoth tooth carving
45K People bury their dead
45K Japan Lake algae C14 dating
41K NE Asians split from Caucasians
40K Hamster / Mouse dating method Middle East
40K Cro-Magnon Culture, less nomadic
40K Humans found siberia N China
40K NativeAm Asian gene clock diverge
40K Brazil charcoal
40K Limit of Greenland ice core layers
40K Human art, paintings
35K Rock paintings Tanzania THRace 14
35K First Mt St. Helens Eruptions
32K Ivory horse, oldest animal carving
30K Symbols in paintings (pre-writing)
29K Oldest C14 + Tree ring dating
28K Blades in China similar to Meadocroft
27K Last known Neandertal remains
27K Oldest woven cloth
25K Human pop 100,000
25K Brazil cave paintings
25k seas start to lower for bering bridge
25k bone needles
20-25k Genetic evidence of Bering Bridge crossing [mead]
20K Oldest dated tree Huon Pine Tasmania
20K Ice age warms towards present - 3
20k saber tooth cat la brea burke
16k Meadowcroft site in Pennsylvania similar to China [mead]
15k wolf domesticated in Asia
14k meadowcroft pa site dates
14k southmost glacier in Wa state
14k Montana ice dams flood E Wash
13K bering land bridge crossing (traditional)
12K SeaTac airport ground sloth burke
12K Mesolithic nomadic hunter gather (Stone Age)
12K Mongolians cross into N America
12K goats domesticated for milk
12K coral C14 calibration
11K Mastodons large mammals extinct
10K Oldest copper Turkey
10-12K Near east agriculture
10K Oldest sandals found in Oregon
10K Neolithic middle east revolution
10K End of last ice age - 3
10K Mesopotamia tokens for accounting
10K Complete tree ring history
10K oldest man site in US C14
10K cows domesticated
10K Neolithic - farming, domestication
10K TBT Human population 5 million
9,500 Jericho established ThumanRace p17
9,400 tree ring c14 calibration
9,400 Nevada mummy, oldest N.Am
9,300 Kennewick Man WA, non-Mongolian
9,000 evidence of dance
9,000 Mongolians wipe out SAm Australians
8,200 Copper tools
8,000 End cro-magnon
8,000 1st ag settlements Korea http://infoplease.lycos.com/ipa/A0107686.html
8,000 Cats, humans, mice on Cyprus domesticated from mild to wild
8,000 Pottery in Jerico THumanRace p17
7,500 Mount Mazama Crater Lake eruption ash layer
7,000 Irrigation
7,000 Copper mining Balkans
7,000 Rice in China, earliest settlements
7,000 Catal Huyuk S. Turkey Stone Age
7,000 Sumerian farming villages
7,000 Corn C. America
6,800 Earliest Egyptian/Badarian culture
6,500 Copper used
6,640 Crater Lake / Mazama explosion C14
6,200 Xia earliest Chinese civilization
6,000 Copper age Europe - 4,400
6,000 Oldest european plow
-----------------------------------------------------
-- time before 6,000 impossible- 6-day creationists
-----------------------------------------------------
6,000 Sumerians document constellations
6,004 Creation Archbishop Usher
Day 1: light
Day 2: water and sky
Day 3: dry land and plants and trees
Day 4: Sun, Moon, stars visible
Day 5: Water and sky creatures
Day 6: land animals, man
Day 7: rest
5,761 Creation according to Hebrew Calendar
5,743 Adam and Eve-2
5,700 Wheel invented probably Sumeria TBTimeline
5,500 Sumer accounts on clay tablets, 1st civilization
5,500 Cities rise on nile
5,500 Cities in Indus Valley
5,500 Farmers use cattle to pull carts in Europe
5,500 Babylon people first settle
5,400 TBT Major flood inundates city of Ur. 8ft layer of silt found
5,200-4,900 Sumerian flood myth
5,200 Sumerians build Towers (of Babel?)
5,200 Zurich oldest maple wheel
5,050 First Egyptian dynasties
5,000 100M world population
5,000 Sahara expands soil overgrazed
5,000 Assryians use block wheel from Mesopotamia
5,000 Athens first settled in Greece
5,000-6k Wheel invented
5,000 Alps Iceman died with copper axe
5,000 Indus
5,000 Copper, Bronze age
5,000-5,500 Horse bones with evidence of bit
5,000 Sumeria collapses
5,000 Neolithic farming in Europe
5,000 Early Indian civilization
5,000 rise of Hebrew, Semitic languages-1
4,900 Stonehenge I built - ditch posts
4,879 Mythological founding of Vietnam
4,700 silk dicovered in china
4,700 Gilgamesh, King of Uruk in Babylonia.
4,700 Pyramids of Giza
4,600 Indus Valley civilization
4,600 Chinese Calendar started
4,500 North China farming
4,500 Actual Crab Nebula explosion
4,500 Bronze age britain - carts, bridges, forts
4,400 oldest writing on papyrus
4,300 Choson culture in Korea http://infoplease.lycos.com/ipa/A0107686.html
-----------------------------------------------
4,285 TBT Flood comes
4,217 Noah's flood, one language, one race-2
hydrosphere contained water in sky
atmosphere had much more oxygen
oil created
entire planet covered by water to highest mtn
all strata laid down
all races, species micro-evolve
salt water oceans
salt water fish adapt in 1 year
grand canyon, niagra, mississippi delta forms
complete ice cap forms
------------------------------------------------
4,000 Books of old testament are written
4,000 Tower of babel, all languages created
4,000 Gilgamesh written onto tablets
4,000 Malays drive out aborigines from SE Asia
3,850 Abraham journeys to Canaan, the first Jew/Arab
3,700 Jews arrive in Egypt
3,700 Last Mastadons Wrengel Island Siberia
3,600 End of Stonehenge work
3,500 Shang dynasty earliest evidence of dyn
chinese writing developed
3,500 Phoenician alphabet
3,500 Book of Genesis written by Moses
3,400 Writing in China on bones
3,400-500 Moses
3,250 Moses leads Israel out of Egypt-1
Ten commandments
3,220-3,200 Joshua invades Canaan-1
3,200 Fall of Jericho-1
3,000 Iron age (THumanRace) Egypt
3,000 Evidence camels domesticated-1
3,000 Written Hebrew-1
3,000 Maya numbers heiroglyphs
2,800 Mesopotamians determined ecliptic
2,800 Greeks adopt phonenician alphabet, add vowels
2,600 Chaldeans exile jews, bible written?
2,500 Ezra assembles books of hebrew bible
2,500 King Nebuchadnezzar II Tower of Babel
2,200 Chinese script resembles 4K old Afghanistan script
2,200 Septuagint Greek translation of hebrew bible
2,000 0 AD Christianity
2,000 Water wheels to mill grain
1,750 250 Ptolemy uses epicycles to explain planet motion
1,430 570 Muhammed born
1,400 Punctuation / Reading invented
1,200 800 Vikings start raids
1,100 Iron produced
1,000 1054 Crab Nebula explodes
1325 Zenith of Ethiopian civilization
1492 Columbus sails to New World
1543 Copenicus dies, put sun at center
1610 Galileo telescope: Jupiter moons, phase of venus
1611 King James Bible
210 1788 Hutton sedimentary theory
1700s Herschel proposes disk like Milky Way
200 1800 Industrial Age
1800 Parallax used to measure star distance
1800 Earth dated at millions of years from fossil layers
150 Sumer creation tale translated
1856 Neanderthal man unearthed
141 1859 Darwin proposes evolution
1905 Rutherford theory radioactive dating
1912 Wegener: Continents as puzzle pieces
1912 V.M. Slipher: Andromeda radial velocity measured as extra galactic [4]
87 1913 Wright Bros Powered Aircraft
1915 Einstein General Relativity set up Big Bang
1918 Sun at edge, not center of Milky Way
1920 Milky Way is one of many galaxies
1923 Hubble uses cephid variable dist to andromeda [4]
1929 Hubble discovers red shift, expanding universe
70 1930 Computed date of Crab Nebula Explosion
1946 Gamow says big bang would result in excess microwave radiation
1947 Carbon Dating
1947 X-1 Supersonic flight
1950 Hoyle coins "Big Bang" term
50 1950 Mainframe computers
1952 Milky Way is determined to be spiral
1959 Soviets orbit Sputnik
1965 Penzias, Wilson discover big bang microwave radiation
1968 Global Plate Tectonics
31 1969 Apollo lands on moon, moon rocks dated
1969 First internet
1972 Discovery of 3.5mya hominid footprints
1974 Lucy found 3.5mya skeleton
1980 IBM PC
1987 UCBerkeley researchers announce 200K Eve
1987 Big bang radiation likely but not proven yet
5 1995 www web browsing
1998 Neanderthal DNA found different from moderns
0 2000 40% of US rejects evolution, big bang, geology, biology
NOW 2001 YOU ARE HERE
[1] The Gifts of the Jews
[2] See Sons of Adam dating below, from Abram's
leaving for Canaan in Gift of Jews
[3] Ice cores
[4] http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m031.html "M31" Students
for development and exploration of space
[5] Stein Jacobsen report in Science June 6, 2003
Billions of Years
bang 14 earth 5
v V
*************#
^life 2
^ multicell life 1
Hundreds of Millions of years
* 900
* 800
* 700 - large multicell animals
* 600 - Cambrian explosion
* 500 - Vertebrates
* 400 - Jawed Fish, Permian extinction
* 300 - Reptiles Amphibians
* 200 - Crocodiles, mammals
* 100 - Age of Dinosaurs, Mammals
Tens of Millions of Years
90 - Ammonites
80
70
60 - Dinosaurs die out
50
40
30 - Koalas
20 - Chimpanzee
10 - Age of Man
Millions of Years
9
8
7
6 Australopithecus in Africa
5
4
3 Lucy Afarensis
2 Ice age starts, Homo Erectus
1 Fire, Homo Sapiens
Hundreds of Thousands of Years
400 Peking, Java Man
200 Arrow Heads, bows arrows, tools
100 Homo Sapiens leaves Africa
Tens Thousands
80K Toba Eruption, near extinction of man
50K Boat painting australia
40K Cro Magnon
30K Ivory horse, last Neandertal
20K Bone needles
10K North American peoples, civilization
Most Striking Creationist Facts
Hovind says that they are just big reptiles, when the earth was young, reptiles don't stop growing, so they get really big.
%%Pterosaurs
Pterosaurs, flying reptiles first appeared at the start of the
Jurassic not too long after the dinosaurs 215 million years ago and
lasted 150 million years, dying out with the dinosaurs. "Lords of the
ancient skies: Pterosaurs" p. 87 National Geographic May 2001.
%%Tracks
Many creationists point to man tracks next to dinosaur tracks, but
this has been discredited.
mommy1995 one of the big things
evolutionist believe is that dinosaurs went extinct before man was
ever on earth. If this is true than why do they find man and
dinosaur bones together. I also have a picture that was taken in
Texas that shows a Mans footprint inside of a dinosaurs
footprint...This was found in a river bed that dried up and the
imprints were fossilized.
http://members.aol.com/paluxy2/paluxy.htm Glen J. Kuban's Last
Updated: 11 Nov. 1998 For many years claims were made by strict
creationists that human footprints or "giant man tracks" occur
alongside dinosaur tracks in the limestone beds of the Paluxy River,
near Glen Rose Texas. If true, such a finding would dramatically
contradict the conventional geologic timetable, which holds that
humans did not appear on earth until over 60 million years after the
dinosaurs became extinct. However, the "man track" claims have not
stood up to close scientific scrutiny, and have been abandoned even
by most creationists. My Paluxy work helped prompt many creationists
to largely abandon the "man track" claims.
@@Disease
MALARIA AFFECTS HUMAN EVOLUTION
z50\clip\2001\06\malaria.txt
http://unisci.com/stories/20012/0626011.htm The Archaeology And
Genetics Of Malaria Resistance Between 7,000 and 12,000 years ago, a
dramatic climate change increased temperature and humidity in Africa,
creating new lakes and pools of water.
@@Dog
Dogs have been artificially selected from wolves into yhe incredibly
variety we see today, starting as long as 100,000 years ago. Only
people have as much variety in one species, some say that variety in
culture, iq and appearance is similar to that found in dogs.
z76\clip\2004\02\dogev.txt
Man's best friend likely got start from wolf 100,000 years ago
Full story: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2001857959_snoopy14m.html
By Paul Recer Seattle Times 2/15/2003
The Associated Press
From Yorkshire terriers the size of a teacup to Irish wolfhounds near
the size of a small pony, all dogs originated from a single species,
probably an East Asian wolf seeking the warmth of the human hearth and
an easy meal.
Cochran on dog evolution
Genetic distance of dogs is closer
than humans, but physical characteristics is much more different.
@@Earth
%%old
McCarthy reviews 1911 Britannica:
Geologists saw evolution of life before they could explain it.
Evidence of strata came up with ages in millions of years, at least
for animals with hard parts. Kelvin had arguments about how long it
would take the earth to cool, but radioactivity fixed that problem by
1095. Metorites and the moon place 4.6B for the solar system and 4.2B
for the earth.
http://www.scotese.com/earth.htm
Paleomap project
The Age of the earth, and evidence
http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/faqs-youngearth.html The Age of
the Earth The Earth is accepted by scientists to be around 4.5
billion years old. But how do they know the Earth is this old? Some
of the lines of evidence for an ancient Earth are presented.
The Extinction Files video: The earth at 3.9 billion years ago - 15
hour day, sun 3/4 as bright as now, moon 4 times larger than now.
http://www.seds.org/~spider/spider/Mars/Marsrock/marsrocks.html
4.5 billion old rock from mars
http://www.dc.peachnet.edu/~pgore/geology/geo102/age.htm
How Old is the Earth
The Age of the Earth
A. How old is the Earth?
4.6 billion years (4,600,000,000 years)
Radiometric dating (Uranium, Thorium). Mass spectrometer.
Early ideas of the age of the Earth:
1.1654 Archbishop Usher (Ireland), genealogy in Bible
Earth was created October 26, 4004 BC, 9:00 am
Earth was 6000 years old.
Document created by: Pamela J. W. Gore
Georgia Perimeter College, Clarkston, GA
http://cfpa.berkeley.edu/darkmat/bbage.html
Radioactive Element Dating
Assuming we know how much of the lead isotope was originally
contained in a given sample, we can determine its age by comparing
present abundances of U-238 and Pb-206. This dating method has been
used to assess the ages of the oldest rocks on Earth, which have been
found to be about 4 billion years old. Lunar rocks and the oldest
meteorites yield ages of about 4.6 billion years. Similar dating
techniques exist for isotopes of strontium, krypton, and rubidium.
Taken together, we conclude that from the age measurements of
meteorites, lunar and Earth rocks, that the Solar System was formed
around 5 billion years ago.
%%Young
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html#magnetic
Common Young-Earth "Dating Methods"
Young-Earthers have several methods which they claim to give "upper
limits" to the age of the Earth, much lower than the age calculated
above (usually in the thousands of years). Those which appear the
most frequently in talk.origins are reproduced below:
Accumulation of helium in the atmosphere
Decay of the Earth's magnetic field
Accumulation of meteoritic dust on the Moon
Accumulation of metals into the oceans
Note that these aren't necessarily the "best" or most
SCIENTISTS DIDN'T SEE CREATION, ADAM AND EVE WERE THERE
http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/4059.asp
Teaching about Evolution (p. 52) makes the following dogmatic
statement: "The sun, the Earth and the rest of the solar system
formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas 4.5 billion years ago."
Why is that statement dogmatic? (p. 95) Because they weren't there to
see it happen. Nor was anyone else!
Dr. Russell Humphreys, a nuclear physicist, has developed a
cosmology that allows for the formation of the universe in a Biblical
time frame, using Einstein's theory of general relativity (the same
theoretical foundation as the "big bang"). Why does this new
cosmology work? (p. 95) It works because general relativity shows
that time is different in different reference frame with different
gravitational fields. The universe could have been made in six
ordinary days in Earth's reference frame, but the light had ample
time to travel in an extraterrestrial reference frame.
%%Young
Evidence earth is much newer than millions of
years:
http://www.bible.ca/dp-ageStansfld.htm
zip36\clip\99\16\yoeart.htm
@@Education
Christian Creationsts complain that evolution theory is taught as
"fact", but 1987 Supreme Court precedent so far clearly bans any
treatment of creationism, new tactics are to remove requirement to
teach evolution as in Kansas.
%%Creationist
Seattle Times June 14, 1999 Creationist book to be used in Burlington
Last year, high-school biology teacher Roger DeHart was told to stop
teaching "intelligent design," the theory that the complexity of life
reflects the work of an intelligent being. Last month, the
Burlington-Edison School District curriculum committee rejected his
proposal to use some material from a creationist textbook, "Of Pandas
and People," in his high-school biology class .
%%Supreme Court
CLINTON SUPPORTS BAN ON CREATIONISM IN PUB SCHOOLS Aug. 27 1999 (UPI)
- The White House: favors the right of school boardsto set
curriculum, accepts the 1987 Supreme Court ruling that schools may
not creationism. Vice PresidentAl Gore refused to take a clear stand
on whether public schools shouldbe required to teach evolution
:
@@Egyptian
http://www.library.nwu.edu/class/history/B94/B94chron.txt
CHRONOLOGY OF EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Prehistoric Era:
Lower Paleolithic Age 250,000 - 90,000 BP*
Middle Paleolithic Age 90,000 - 30,000 BP
Late Paleolithic Age 30,000 BP - 7000 BC
Neolithic Age 7000 - 4800 BC
Predynastic Period 4800 - 3050 BC
Upper Egypt:
Badarian Culture 4800 - 4200 BC
Amratian Culture (=Nagada I) 4200 - 3700 BC
Gerzean A Culture (=Nagada II) 3700 - 3250 BC
Gerzean B Culture (=Nagada III) 3250 - 3050 BC
Lower Egypt:
Fayum A Culture 4800 - 4250 BC
Merimde Culture 4500 - 3500 BC
.....
(genesis)
Second Intermediate Period 1668 - 1570 BC
Dynasties 14-17
New Kingdom 1570 - 1070 BC
Dynasties 18-20
Late Period 1070 - 656 BC
Dynasties 21-24
Dynasty 25 (Kushite Domination)
Assyrian Domination
Saite Period 685 - 525 BC
Dynasty 26
Persian Period 525 - 332 BC
Dynasties 27-31
Greek and Roman Period 332 BC - AD 395
*BP = Before Present (i.e., years ago)
@@Einstein
Einsteins equations based on the constant speed of light predict the
big bang creation, not just e=mc2
http://www.bartleby.com/173/ Great Books Online: Relativity The
Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/relativity/index.html
1920 showed Einsteins calculations were correct in Sun bending light
of stars in an eclipse
http://www.utdallas.edu/~brentely/RTGuide/index.html
Simple guide to Einstein's theory of relativity
Special relativity
z52\clipim\2001\09\24\specrel\specrel.htm
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Special_relativity.html
In September 1905 Einstein published a short but important paper in
which he proved the famous formula E = mc2.
http://physics.about.com/cs/specialrelativity/index.htm?once=true&
Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity Guide picks
Links to the best articles about Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity.
http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bb1.html
z52\clipim\2001\09\24\bigbang\bigbang.htm
Foundations of the Big Bang Model
The Big Bang Model rests on two theoretical pillars:
General Relativity
Cosmological principle: matter in the universe is homogeneous and
isotropic when averaged over very large scales.
http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bb2.html
Foundations of Big Bang Cosmology
z52\clipim\2001\09\24\found\found.htm
@@Elements
There are only 3 processes to create the elements, the big bag
for the lighest elements, cooking in stars for the elements of life,
and supernovas for everything else.
XSScience Forum: Cosmic Recycling: We Are Made of Stars UWTV Science
and Discovery Special Series The big bang created the lightest
hydrogen and most of its helium and lithium elements. Stars cook
atoms in multi-million-degree furnaces to create another dozen
chemical elements, including carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. The
heaviest elements from from supernova explosions, stars form from
those elements and are re-cycled. There are very few supernovas, but
they are the only way to make the atoms to form materials that humans
regard as commonplace - nickel, tin, copper, lead and zinc, to name a
few.
Scientists today understand the universe in a very different way than
they did 50 years ago. Bruce Margon, a University of Washington
astronomy professor, regards as "a fundamental intellectual triumph."
see www.astro.washington.edu/margon/fls.html
z47\clipim\2001\01\08\madestar\madestar.htm
10-43 is start of known time
matter is 99% hydrogen, 9% helium, 1/10B lithium, 1% anything else as
predicted from nuclear physics
@@Engineering
6 trillion flies can't be wrong
How evolution affects man-designed creations, and why some products
just never die.
SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS START WITH ACHIEVABLE SHORT TERM GOALS
RADICAL CUTTING EDGE PROJECTS ARE DOOMED TO FAIL
TTK Ciar
"If anything can be learned from the history of practical engineering,
it is that ambitious projects which seek to develop radical, complex,
broad-reaching, cutting-edge systems are doomed to fail. It is the
projects which start simply, with achievable short-term goals, that
evolve into successful and practical "next-generation" systems"
@@Era
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.html table version
\doc\web\99\12\era.txt
Original Geologic Time Machine conceived and created by Allen Collins -- 11/26/94.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeformold.html
Welcome to the UCMP Web Lift for Geologic Time!
(mya = million years ago)
Precambrian (4,500 to 544 mya)
Hadean (4500 to 3800 mya)
Archaean (3800 to 2500 mya) Bacteria
Proterozoic (2500 to 544 mya) Continents, Oxygen
Vendian (650 to 544 mya)
Phanerozoic (544 mya to today)
Paleozoic Era (544 to 245 mya)
Mesozoic Era (245 to 65 mya)
Triassic (245 to 208 mya)
Jurassic (208 to 146 mya)
Cretaceous (146 to 65 mya)
Cenozoic Era (65 mya to today)
Tertiary (65 to 1.8 mya)
Paleocene (65 to 54 mya)
Eocene (54 to 38 mya)
Oligocene (38 to 23 mya)
Miocene (23 to 5 mya)
Pliocene (5 to 1.8 mya)
Quaternary (1.8 mya to today)
Pleistocene (1.8 mya to 11,000 years ago)
Holocene (11,000 years ago to today)
http://ww2.customcpu.com/mgroseth/origins/AgesText.html
THE GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
_______________________________________________________________ _________
Eon | Era | Period | Epoch | M.Years | Major Events
=============================================================== =========
P | C | Quaternary | Holocene | 0.01 |
H | E | |-------------|---------|
A | N | | Pleistocene | 1.6 |
N | O |------------|-------------|---------|
E | Z | T | Neo- | Pliocene | 5.3 |
R | O | E | gene |-------------|---------|
O | I | R | | Miocene | 23.7 |
Z | C | T |------|-------------|---------|
I | | I |Paleo-| Oligocene | 36.6 |
C | | A | gene |-------------|---------|
| | R | | Eocene | 57.8 |
| | Y | |-------------|---------|
| | | | Paleocene | 66 |
|-------|-----|------|-------------|---------|
| M | Cretaceous | 144 |
| E |------------|-----------------------|
| S | Jurassic | 208 |
| O |------------|-----------------------|
| ZOIC | Triassic | 245 |
|-------|------------|-----------------------|
| P | Permian | 286 |
| A |------------|-----------------------|
| L |Carbo-|Penn.| 320 |
| E |nifer-|-----|-----------------------|
| O |ous |Miss.| 360 |
| Z |------|-----|-----------------------|
| O | Devonian | 408 |
| I |------------|-----------------------|
| C | Silurian | 438 |
| |------------|-----------------------|
| | Ordovician | 505 |
| |------------|-----------------------|
| | Cambrian | 540 |
-----|-------|------------|-----------------------|
PRE- | Proterozoic Eon | 2500 |
CAM- |------------------|-----------------------|
BRIAN | Archean Eon | 3800 |
_______|__________________|_______________________|
@@Experiment
Creation isn't repeatable or testable by experiement?
EVOLUTION OBSERVED BY EXPERIMENT WITH E COLI
godlesscapitalist: experimental evolution experiments like those of
Lenski et al., where they have actually taken populations of E. coli,
evolved them for 10000 generations, and sequenced them to find out
that - yes - mutations DID occur and the mutations DID boost fitness
in the lines of E. coli that survived. Because E. coli cells can be
frozen down you can do something that you can't normally do, namely a
direct comparison of the genomes of the 10000 and 0th generations.
http://myxo.css.msu.edu/cgi-bin/lenski/prefman.pl?group=aad
z84\e:\clip\2004\12\lenski.pdf
@@Extinction
According to the bible, all animals were herded onto the ark two by
two, and no animals created by god have ever gone extinct before
modern times.
%%Average lifetime
Extinction Files: Average species last from 1 to 10 million years,
humans may have a long time ahead since we've been around less than
500,000 years.
%%General
http://tyrrell.magtech.ab.ca/tour/extinctn.html Extinction is a
natural result of evolution . More than 90 percent of all species
that ever evolved have disappeared.
Wayne Hortensius, Calgary, Alberta, Canada for the Royal Tyrrell
Museum Cooperating Society.
%%Mass Extinctions
History show only a few widely spaced mass extinction where a huge
percentage of life and species died out, The dinos were only the most
recent, we'd be next.
http://hannover.park.org/Canada/Museum/extinction/extincmenu. html
Mass Extinctions Of The Phanerozoic Menu
Precambrian and Vendian Mass Extinctions
Cambrian Mass Extinction
Ordovician Mass Extinction
Devonian Mass Extinction
Permian Mass Extinction
End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction
The Holocene Mass Extinction
250M YR OLD CRATER MAY HAVE KILLED TRILOBITES
z41\clip\2000\05\crater.txt THE NEW YORK TIMES SCIENCE TUESDAY, APRIL
25, 200 Newfound Crater Could Explain Worst Mass Extinction By
WILLIAM BROAD A quarter billion years ago, some 90 percent of all
animal species, including the trilobites, the three-lobed predators
of the sea, suddenly disappeared in the worst of all mass
extirictions. (crater found) The exact dating of the cosmic scar is
uncertain, the discoverers said. But clues suggest its age is roughly
between the early Jurassic and early Permian periods, or 200 and 280
million years ago. That distant era, they noted, contained two mass
extinctions, one at the end of the Triassic some 214 million years
ago, and one at the end of the Perruian 247 million years ago.
%%Permian
Extinction Files - massive volcano eruption covering Siberia, years
of global darkness, suffocating in sulfur dioxide. Volcanos produce
carbon dioxide, warms planet.
z48\clip\2001\02\whif.txt
Science, 1.2.23
The Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) event, which occurred about
251.4 million years ago, is marked by the most severe mass
extinction in the geologic record. Recent studies of some PTB
sites indicate that the extinctions occurred very abruptly,
consistent with a catastrophic, possibly extraterrestrial, cause.
Fullerenes (C60 to C200) from sediments at the PTB contain trapped
helium and argon with isotope ratios similar to the planetary
component of carbonaceous chondrites.
z48\clip\2001\02\scifind.txt New York Times, 1.2.23 Scientists Find
Signs of Meteor Crash That Led to Extinctions in Era Before Dinosaurs
By KENNETH CHANG Extraterrestrial gases trapped within cagelike
carbon molecules are providing the first compelling evidence that a
meteor impact set off the most catastrophic of mass extinctions more
than 250 million years ago, similar to the cataclysm that later
killed off the dinosaurs.
z48\clip\2001\02\cosmim.txt
http://www.vny.com/cf/News/upidetail.cfm?QID=162325 Thursday, 22
February 2001 19:11 (ET) Cosmic impact led to largest extinction By
CHARLES CHOI, UPI Science Writer triggered 250 million years ago by a
catastrophic collision with a comet or asteroid.the rapid, massive
die-off at the end of the Permian period. Within 8,000 to 100,000
years, virtually a microsecond in the estimated 3.8-billion-year
history of life on Earth, 90 percent of all marine species and 70
percent of all land vertebrates on the planet were wiped out.
@@Extraterrestrial Life
How many intelligent civilizations?
- Sagan, 1 million in our own galaxy
- "Rare Earth" We might be the only one
SETI
page
• THE DRAKE EQUATION - WHAT IT IS •
• STARS WHOSE ENVIRONS CAN SUPPORT LIFE •
• POTENTIALLY LIFE-HARBOURING PLANETS •
• ACTUAL LIFE-HARBOURING PLANETS •
• PLANETS ON WHICH INTELLIGENCE DEVELOPS •
• PLANETS HARBOURING A TECHNOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION •
• TECHNOLOGICAL CIVILIZATIONS WHICH SURVIVE TO THE PRESENT DAY •
• HOW SMART WOULD THEY BE? •
• AGE OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL CIVILIZATIONS •
• IS SETI DANGEROUS? WHAT WOULD SUCCESS DO TO US? •
• PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF SETI •
PROBABILITY IS 100%
Probability Amir D. Aczel 1998
Has nice chart p. 194
5.0 planet form
3.5 early life
2.0 oxygen
1.5 atmosphere
1.2 animal locomotion
0.7 early animal
0.5 early dev plants
0.4 land animal
0.3 dinosaurs
0.2 mammal
0.1 primate
.01 gorilla
.002 australopithecus
life around any star 5x10-14
300 billion stars in galaxy x 100 billion galaxies
total 1-
.99999999999995(13 5s) ^3e26
or very close to 100%
p. 213
http://abcnews.go.com/onair/nightline/nightline_000419_rareearth_chat.html
z41\clipim\2000\04\26\rare\rare.htm
ABCNEWS.com : Chat Transcript: A Debate Between Peter Ward and Seth
Shostak - Is there life outside of planet Earth? According to a
theory by the late astronomer Carl Sagan, up to a million
civilizations exist within our own galaxy.
ONE MORE PROBABLE THAN A MILLION IN OUR GALAXY
http://abcnews.go.com/onair/nightline/transcripts/nl000418_trans.html
z41\clipim\2000\04\26\rare\nirare.htm
Nightline
Maybe we really are alone.
ROBERT KRULWICH VO) Alone? Sagan says there’s a million civilizations
and you say one? Come on. One?
PETER WARD It’s more probable than a million
the original Carl Sagan estimate was, that out of those 400 billion,
there should be plenty of Earthlike planets. I don’t think that’s
going to be a possibility.
. If you take, for example, our own planet Earth, it’s got a
perfectly great location in its galaxy, even so, for intelligent
creatures like ourselves to evolve here, so many things have to work
out just right. Ward, in effect, lists them in his book. TEXT: A
Stable Sun That Burns Steadily For Billions of Years That is Bigger
Than Average Producing Heavy Metals Not Too Ultraviolet Right
Distance From Earth A Good Solar System Stable Planets In Stable
Orbits A Good Moon Larger Than Average To Keep Earth From Wobbling
Too Much So Temperatures Stay Mild A Great Protector Nearby Like The
Planet Jupiter (VO) It’s a grand procession of factors, factors he
says
WE MIGHT BE THE ONLY ONE
Rare Earth Peter D Ward Donald Brownlee
2000 estimates from 1 to 10 trillion intel civilizations
distance
not dead galaxy
star mass
moon
tilt
stable orbit
jupiter
plate tectonics
ocean
planet mass
elements
impacts
carbon
atmosphere
evolution
oxygen evolution
right galaxy
right position in galaxy
sun is rare- high in metals
5-6% of stars have detectable planets
sagan - 1M in galaxy
If any term approaches zero, so does any other term
Review of Rare Earth
http://www.nua-tech.com/paddy/rarearth.shtml
@@Eye
FLAWS IN EVOLUTION ARE JUST SUBOPITMAL SOLUTIONS.
Cochran points out that
vertebrate eyes have connections in front of the receptors, but the
Octopus which evolved differently does not. Lower back pain
appendicitis.
http://www.catalase.com/frames/retina.htm Why is the retina
z47\clipim\2000\12\21\octeye\octeye.htm
Back-to-Front? The octopus eye, it seems, evolved independently to
ours and whilst it is similar in many ways the octopus got the retina
in ‘the right way’. Is it a 'Design Flaw'? My belief is that it is
not a blunder at all. The design of our eyes is just that bit more
crafty.
http://www.arn.org/docs/odesign/od192/ir192summ.htm
z47\clipim\2000\12\21\octeye\retina.htm Hypothesis Origins & Design
19:2 Issue 37 Selected Excerpts: The Inverted Retina: Maladaptation
or Pre-adaptation? Michael J. Denton Biochemistry Department
University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand One of the classic cases
cited by Darwinists of supposed maladaptation in nature is the
inverted design of the vertebrate retina. The remarkable capacity of
the unique choriocapillaris system to deliver copious quantities of
oxygen to the photoreceptors .. allows the photoreceptor cells
to be packed tightly together, thus maximizing the resolving power of
the eye.
@@Fact
Evolution is both fact and theory
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolution-fact.html
@@Fire
z78\clip\2004\05\oldfire.txt
SCIENCE
Edward Willett 5/1/2004
The world's oldest barbecue
evidence presented at
the International Paleoanthropology Society's annual meeting in Montreal
suggests our hominid ancestors were using fire in a South African cave
called Swartkrans1.5 million years ago.
http://cyberfair.gsn.org/adelaar/firstf.htm
The first use of fire: 15,000 earliest evidence of creating fire
there are several possible accidental or fortuitous explanations, and
no closely associated hominid fossils. This evidence of fire is dated
at 1,5-1 million years ago.
@@Fish
Scary Fishes Burke Museum of Natural History exhibit 1999 Most modern
fishes, as limbed land animals from amphibians to reptiles and
mammals are from the ray-finned fishes which survived the Permian
extinction. The development of limbs and jaws are from the fishes.
z48\clip\2001\02\fishlink.txt
clipim\2001\02\14\fishlink\fishlink.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/missinglink.shtml
Feb 1, 2001 Missing link [between fish and limbed animals]
@@Flat Earth
FLAT EARTH WAS MYTH CONCONCTED TO DISCREDIT GOD
z46\clip\2000\11\flatear.txt The Myth of the Flat Earth Summary by
Jeffrey Burton Russell for the American Scientific Affiliation
Conference August 4, 1997 at Westmont College [Claims that christians
never did believe in a flat earth, but was invented later]
There _still are_ Christians who believe the earth is flat.
http://talkorigins.org/faqs/flatearth.html
@@Flood (Noah's)
Creationists spend as much time on the Great Flood of Noah as on the
creation of the earth itself. It explains the creation of features
like the Grand Canyon, and stratigraphic layers. In fact, they spend
as much or more time or space on the flood than on the first week of
creation.
Scientists (who originally thought there was a global flood) have
believed for the past 200 years that the weight of evidence proved no
such flood ever happened. Tree rings don't show it, ice cores don't
show it, the strata don't show it, the fossil record doesn't show it
etc.
%%Actual
z52\clip\2001\10\flood.txt
NYT October 1, 2001
Scholars Find Further Signs of Big Flood Evoking Noah
By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD
Archaeologists have found evidence that appears to support the theory
that a catastrophic flood struck the Black Sea region more than 7,000
years ago, turning the sea saline, submerging surrounding plains and
possibly inspiring the flood legends of Mesopotamia and the Bible.
The expedition was led by Dr. Robert D. Ballard
%%Hovind
The Hovind Theory: a snowball meteor came in, created ice rings around
the planets and canyons of Mars. Then it cratered the earth according
to the inverse square law, releasing the waters beneath the earth. The
ice collected north and south because of the magnetism.
%%Proof
THERE IS PROOF OF AN ARK!
That individual may be referring to the claims of the late Ron Wyatt;
see , and
.
Most creationist sites don't even believe him.
Big Noahs Ark Search Site
http://www.noahsarksearch.com/default.htm
%%Rain
Genesis is read by many to say that before the flood there was no rain.
The earth was watered by mists and such.
%%Rainbow
Genesis says the the Rainbow first appeared as a promise from God,
which means that there were no rainbows before Noah.
%%Terrain
There isn't enough water to cover the earth unless it was completely
flat.
aklein: ...such flooding would require the equivalent of dumping all
elevations into the sea. There isn't enough water on the present
planet to completely flood the present planet. And there hasn't been
since the "first man" took his first step.
MAYBE THE FLOOD WAS NOT WORLDWIDE From: sudsm@aol.com (SUDSM) Jan 09
ST 2001 Obviously, from context, in view of Gen 4:14, and the
expulsion of Cain and his followers from "the face of the earth" by
natives, called "cherubim", the Bible does not describe a world wide
flood. The so-called "face of the earth" was east of the city of
Enoch that Cain built [cf. Gen 4:14-17], which itself was east of
Eden [an early name for what we call Mesopotamia] and that is the
"earth" [land] where all life was to be destroyed [Gen 6:7]. Which
it was. The so-called "face of the earth" was almost certainly the
mountain- enc losed Tarim Basin. Many so-called "myths" and history
point to that conclusion. Sutherland (Suds) Macklem
NOAH WAS 35 AT THE TIME OF THE FLOOD NOT 350
From: Packman Newsgroups: talk.origins Jan 12 2001
The ages reported in that part of the bible were either
mistranslations based on different numbering systems, or ages were
based on lunar months, starting from puberty, which would've made
Noah around 35 at the time of the flood. (but this isn't consistent
with Hebrew calendar which agrees with Usher on the age of the
earth)
ON THE GREAT FLOOD OF NOAH by Lambert Dolphin
http://www.nps.gov/bela/ zip36\clipim\99\08\18\flood\flood.htm A
tight reading of the genealogy given here adds up to 1,