The Last Neanderthal Discovery Science Mysteries Broadcast Oct 23 1999
(c) 1996


How did Neandertal disappear? 


CroMagnon culture looked more like modern Europens
replaced Neandertal 35,000 years ago, some coexistene
in middle east, carved human forms in modern style,
sculpture. hamlet of CroMagnon in France.
40,000 years ago in europe
wore clothes sewn with fine needles
could store food (planning ahead)
elaborate cave paintings
no evidence of contact in Europe?
complex trade networks across the continent


Neandertal knew sewing, could bury dead, made jewelry
Sloped forehead, heavy brow.


4.5m humans split off from apes
2.5m privitive tools
1.5m exodus from africa to europe asia


theory of several waves of migraton


DNA found that Africans had the most mutations
which made it the oldest and original population
and source. Mitochondrial DNA put EVE at 
200,000 years old, before colonization of other
continents


now 100,000 out of africa


Israel evidence shows skulls with features of both
types which indicates mixed populations like modern
times.


Rat/Hamster Dating method used since C14 dating was no good beyond
40,000 years. African rats moved up when it became very hot, European
Hamsters moved down during the ice ages, these geological events
enabled them to date the layers. Most modern human sites were older,
but on Neadertal site was the oldest.