+OK 9121 octets Received: from smtp01.nwnexus.com (smtp01.nwnexus.com [198.137.231.16]) by mail3.halcyon.com (8.8.8/8.8.8) with ESMTP id MAA02050 for ; Tue, 5 Oct 1999 12:34:33 -0700 (PDT) Received: from md.egroups.com (md.egroups.com [207.138.41.139]) by smtp01.nwnexus.com (8.8.8/8.8.8) with SMTP id MAA27755 for ; Tue, 5 Oct 1999 12:34:24 -0700 X-eGroups-Return: h-bd-return-1512-arthurhu=halcyon.com@returns.egroups.com Received: from [10.1.2.1] by md.egroups.com with NNFMP; 05 Oct 1999 20:34:22 -0000 Mailing-List: contact h-bd-owner@egroups.com X-Mailing-List: h-bd@egroups.com X-URL: http://www.egroups.com/list/h-bd/ Received: (listserv 1.262); by m5; 05 Oct 1999 19:34:21 -0000 Delivered-To: listsaver-egroups-h-bd@egroups.com Received: (qmail 27415 invoked from network); 5 Oct 1999 19:34:16 -0000 Received: from darwin.psy.fsu.edu (128.186.66.5) by qh.egroups.com with SMTP; 5 Oct 1999 19:34:16 -0000 Received: from psy205 (dial622.acns.fsu.edu [146.201.35.12]) by darwin.psy.fsu.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3) with SMTP id PAA00514; Tue, 5 Oct 1999 15:34:03 -0400 Message-ID: <006601bf0f68$39543aa0$0c23c992@psy205.psy.fsu.edu> From: "Glayde Whitney" To: , Cc: Date: Tue, 5 Oct 1999 15:30:20 -0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 4.72.3110.5 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V4.72.3110.3 Subject: [h-bd] Re: "Why America is a lot less white than it looks" Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Status: -----Original Message----- From: SteveSlr@aol.com To: h-bd@egroups.com Date: Tuesday, October 05, 1999 12:34 PM Subject: [h-bd] "Why America is a lot less white than it looks" >Steve Sailer here: > >Below is an article from Slate by Brent Staples claiming (using an outdated >source) that 20% of white Americans were part African as of 1950. This >reminds me that as part of her Senate campaign, Hillary Clinton recently >announced she was 1/128th black. I have not heard her comment on whether this >qualifies her for affirmative action. (This followed Ms. Rodham-Clinton's >announcement that she was Jewish because her great-grandmother's 2nd husband >was Jewish. I look forward to the First Lady revealing in a speech to the >Andaman Islander Democratic Club of Queens that she is a pygmy negrito.) > >If there were really all these partly African whites out there, we would >expect, due to the randomness of genetic reproduction, that a not >inconsiderable number of "white" babies born each year would have distinctly >African features. I just don't see that. Has anybody done a modern DNA study >of this question? >======================================================= Glayde Whitney here: Steve Sailer asks if anyone has done a modern DNA study of black genetic admixture into the "white" population of USA. I don't know of one which attempts to estimate the percentage of whites who have any genes of black origin, but there is a study looking at percent of black origin genes in the white gene pool. The estimate was 1% or less. I doubt that 1/5 of white Americans have any black ancestry if only 1% or less of the genes in the white population are of black origin. Below is a summary of the study taken from the publication _American Renaissance_(1999). The citation for the original source is at the end. ====================== GALTON REPORT Who Were the Race Mixers? There is continuing interest in knowing how the racial admixture in black Americans came about. For example, prior to the current “civil rights” era, was mixing primarily between white men with black women? And what about the contribution of "Native Americans" to the black gene pool, or of blacks to the white gene pool? A previous Galton Report (AR, July-August, 1997) introduced AR readers to “PSAs”–Population Specific Alleles–or forms of genes that are unique, or almost unique, to individuals of a particular race or breeding population. Because of all the activity in DNA studies, more PSAs are being discovered all the time. There is now quite a collection of PSAs that can be used in studies of the ancestry of various groups. With these new DNA markers questions about black/white mixture can be answered by looking separately at three different sources of genes. First, nuclear DNA is inherited equally from both parents. Second, mitochondrial DNA, called mtDNA, is inherited only from the mother and can thus be used to trace female contribution to population mixing. Third, Y-chromosome genes are transmitted from the father only to sons, and can thus be used to trace the male contribution to population mixing. Markers from all three sorts of DNA were used to analyze what the authors call “the European genetic contribution to 10 populations of African descent in the United States (Maywood, Illinois; Detroit; New York; Philadelphia; Pittsburgh; Baltimore; Charleston, South Carolina; New Orleans; and Houston) and in Jamaica”. Not surprisingly, the study found “a sex-biased gene flow from Europeans, the male contribution being substantially greater than the female contribution.” "In every population there is evidence of a higher European male contribution, . . . . Therefore, even if marriages between African American men and European American women are currently more common than marriages between African American women and European American men, it seems clear that during a substantial part of African American history, men of European descent have made a more significant genetic contribution to the African American gene pool than have women of European descent. This is in accordance with the historical data regarding the period of slavery in the United States." Although it has become popular among blacks to claim some Indian ancestry, Amerindian mothers seem to have contributed little to the black gene pool. Only four individuals from more than 1,000 blacks tested had even one mtDNA marker of Amerindian origin. There were also substantial differences in genetic mixture between cities: “European genetic ancestry ranged from 6.8% (Jamaica) to 22.5% (New Orleans).” As the authors explain: "Previous studies have indicated that northern U.S. populations show a higher level of European ancestry than do southern U.S. populations. Nevertheless, the results of the present study seem to indicate that the situation is much more complex than previously thought. There appears to be a significant degree of variation in the admixture level of northern populations (from 13% in Philadelphia to 20% in Pittsburgh). It is also clear that, in general, the European ancestry of northern African American populations is somewhat lower than previous reports have described. "The three southern African American populations (New Orleans, Houston, and Charleston) show a wide range of admixture values (11.6% - 22.5%). . . . The population of Charleston shows the lowest value (11.6%) of all the U.S. populations analyzed in the present study, but it is not very different from the estimates of one of the northern African American populations-namely, Philadelphia. "The estimate for Houston (16.9%) is similar to other values observed in northern urban populations (Detroit [16.3%] and Baltimore [15.5%]), and New Orleans shows the highest value of the cities studied (22.5%), which deserves special attention. The history of the Louisiana territory has been quite different from the history of other southern regions in the United States. This area was under French rule for a substantial period, [and conditions] during French domination have been distinct from what happened in the southern British colonies. There have been historical accounts of more substantial intermixture in the New Orleans area . . . ." Finally, the authors "also determined the extent of the African contribution to three European American populations from several areas in the United States: Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Louisiana (Cajuns)." All three populations show evidence of introgression of African genes, but to a very limited extent, estimated at about 1% or less (Detroit 0.5%; Pittsburgh 1.2%; and Cajuns 0.7%). [Parra, E.J., et. al. (1998), Estimating African American admixture proportions by use of population-specific alleles. American Journal of Human Genetics (Dec.), vol. 63, #6, Pp. 1839-1851.] ========================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------ How to contribute to H-Bd: 1. 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