\doc\web\97\06\choselit.txt
Choosing Elites Robert Klitgaard Basic Books New York 1985


TEST SCORES OVERPREDICT MINORITY PERFORMANCE, NOT BIASED AGAINST
p. 161 "On average, test scores overpredict the later performance of
blacks compared to whites, especially at the right tail [the highest
level of test scores] This result holds for colleges, professional
schools, and job performance. If a black and a white have the same
test scores and prior grades, at right tail institutions the black
will on average do about a third to two-thirds of a standard
deviation worse in later academic performance than the white. In this
sense, test scores are not predictively biased against blacks."


BLACK LAW SCHOOL STUDENTS GET WORST CLASS GRADES
p. 162 At the top ten law schools, blacks made up 7 percent of the
student body, their mean grades were at the 8th percentile, so that
the bottom of the class was almost entirely made up of black students.


The average black was admitted with an LSAT 144 points lower and
college grades 0.5 grade points lower than the average white, about a
standard deviation lower in qualifications, but outcome in grades was
actually 1.5 standard deviation lower than white because of
overprediction.


BLACK MED SCHOOL STUDENTS GET LOWER MED BOARD SCORES p. 163 Rand
corporation researchers found the average score for all minorities
(not all black) on the National Board of Medical Examiners Tests was
at the 19th percentile of majority [white] scores on Part 1 and 21st
percentile on Part 2. Based on grades and MCAT scores and other
inputs, minority Part 1 scores were overpredicted by .25 SD, and Part
2 by 2/5 SD. Overall performance was 3/4 SD below majority students.


THE BOTTOM LINE IS NOT MERIT BUT PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION p. 80
"The Harvard Medical School has stated "The minimal goal should be a
representation of minority groups in the student body at least equal
to the proportion of thyese minority groups in the population of the
USA at large [47]" Robert Klitgaard Choosing Elites (1985)


p. 175 AT STANFORD BEING BLACK IS WORTH 310 COMBINED SAT POINTS
Leonard S. Miller analyzed Stanford's impicit utility function for
test scores, racial representation and aid decisions, and found at
the margin, race was worth 310 combined SAT points!


p. 187 Chapter 8 shows that at selective institutions, being black
frequently adds 40 to 50 percentage points to the probability of
being admitted, other things being equal.