z39\DOC\WEB\2000\02\skullsiz.txt
note -	I can't vouch for accuracy of Rushton's statements, but 
they might be illuminating.


Date sent:      	Fri, 18 Feb 2000 13:04:27 -0500
From:           	"J. P. Rushton" <rushton@julian.uwo.ca>
To:             	Evolutionary Psychology MailingList <evolutionary-psychology@egroups.com>
Subject:        	[evol-psych] C.L. Brace and paradigm shifts


The African difference from all Eurasian populations was completely
"known to science" at the turn of this century and was made to
"disappear" from the scientific radar screen in the 1920s and 1930s by
Marxists and other leftists, mainly in US academic departments. What is
now called Political Correctness, an ideology about social equality,
banished Darwinism from the social sciences where it had become dominant


in the early part of this century.


This is the first time I'm aware of that a "paradigm shift" took place
away from the truth in "science." No-one has yet addressed this
interesting aspect of the sociology of science, mainly becaiuse people
are too PC about African brain size and IQ.


Here are just a few facts.


Since at least 1759 when Soemmering filled skulls with water, Europeans
and their descendants (hereafter Whites) have been found to average
larger craniums than Africans and their descendants (hereafter Blacks).
Sand was used as packing material in 1831, millet in 1837, mustard seed
in 1839, and lead shot in 1849 (see Todd, 1923).


By the 1870s, Black-White differences in brain size were considered so
well established that Charles Darwin (1871) cited them as evidence in
favor of his then controversial theory of human origins. Even Franz
Boas, who is often described as the "true" founder of American
anthropology for being the first to challenge "Eurocentric racism,"
accepted the data on race differences in brain size and drew important
conclusions about relative intellectual performance based on the amount
of overlap in the distributions.


Boas (1894) found that only 27 percent of Blacks exceeded the White
brain size average, rather than the 50 percent that should have done had


the races been equal. Arguing that "the greater the central nervous
system, the higher the faculty of the race and the greater its aptitude
to mental development," Boas concluded: "We might, therefore, anticipate


a lack of men of high genius (among Blacks)."


 A variety of modern research procedures (MRI, autopsies, endocranial
volume, external head measures) have confirmed these early studies of

racial differences in brain size.


Using MRI, Harvey, Persaud, Ron, Bakerand Murray (1994) found that 41
Africans and West Indians had a smaller average brain volume than did 67
Caucasians.


Using brain mass at autopsy, Ho, Roessmann, Straumfjord and Monroe
(1980) summarized data for 1,261 individuals and reported a mean brain
weight of 1,323 grams
for White Americans and 1,223 grams for Black Americans.


Using endocranial volume, Beals, Smith and Dodd (1984) analyzed about
20,000 skulls from around the world and found that East Asians,
Europeans, and Africans averaged cranial volumes of 1,415, 1,362, and
1,268 cm3 respectively.


Using external head measurements from a stratified random sample of
6,325 U.S. Army personnel, Rushton (1992) found that Asian Americans,
European Americans, and African Americans averaged 1,416, 1,380, and
1,359 cm3, respectively.


--
J. Philippe Rushton


Department of Psychology
University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario Canada N6A 5C2


Telephone: (519) 661-3685
http://www.sscl.uwo.ca/psychology/faculty/rushton.html